There’s nothing worse than feeling a tinge of discomfort in your throat alerting you that something’s not quite right. When it’s accompanied by a sudden bout of sneezes or a slight fever, you know that it’s time to accept the inevitable: A pathogen has staked its claim in your body, and you’re officially getting sick. 

Long before you feel that first tickle, however, your immune system is already hard at work fighting the good fight against the pathogens causing those symptoms. 

The immune system has multiple lines of defense designed to help you maintain a clean bill of health, but it’s not an exact science. Occasional illnesses are a part of life, even with a healthy immune system. 

Today, we’re dissecting the three strategies the immune system has in place to keep unwanted illnesses at bay. 

What Is the Immune System? 

When you think of your immune system, what do you see? A tiny but mighty army defending its fortress (a.k.a. you)? You’re not wrong! The immune system is our body’s first wall of defense when we encounter antigens and pathogens attempting to nonchalantly sneak past those defenses. 

The immune system is composed of specialized cells that work to identify and eliminate invaders. Like an army, our immune systems use multiple layers of defense to keep those pathogens at bay. 

The Immune System’s Three Lines of Defense 

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system? And are they akin to defensive tiers in football, where the first line of defense represents the biggest and best and the second and third lines act as backup?  

Not quite. 

While each line of defense plays a vital role in the immune system’s function, one isn’t inherently more important than the others. Although certain defenses may be more effective against specific pathogens in specific situations, they all collaborate to shield your body from harmful invaders to ensure your well-being. 

Below, we break down your immune system’s three primary lines of defense, exploring what makes each one unique and how they work to effectively keep your body safe against pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. 

#1 Physical Barriers 

When a pathogen tries to enter your body, the first line of defense it’s up against is our external physical barriers, such as our skin, sweat, saliva and tears. These barriers offer a basic yet effective barrier of protection against unwanted microorganisms. 

Other physical barriers include:  

• Mucous membranes 
  These slimy membranes line our nose, throat, intestines and reproductive tract and trap microbes we come into contact with as we breathe and eat. 

• Nasal hairs 
  The hairs inside your nasal cavity have more responsibilities than causing the occasional sneeze. They also trap pathogens and environmental pollutants, such as pollen and dust (hence the sneezing). 

• Acidic fluids 
  Urine, gastric juices and vaginal secretions create low pH conditions, which aren’t hospitable for pathogens and often destroy them. 

#2 Innate Immune System 

When pathogens bypass the physical barriers, they come across our bodies’ second line of defense: the innate immune system. Rather than targeting particular pathogens, this defense provides an immediate response to any pathogens it detects. Using phagocytes, a broad type of white blood cell, the innate immune system engulfs, digests and eliminates pathogens as they wander through your body. 

#3 Adaptive Immune System 

While slower acting than the innate immune system, the final line of defense—the adaptive immune system— often defends your body with more precision. It works by using memory cells that target germs you’ve encountered previously, thus providing a quick response upon being re-exposed. 

The adaptive immune system is why we usually get certain illnesses, like chicken pox, just once in our lives. After fighting off the virus, our bodies build a natural immunity to it, recognizing it the next time our bodies come into contact with it and destroying it on site. 

The adaptive immune response begins with dendritic cells, which capture and present fragments of the pathogen to helper T cells in nearby lymph nodes. The helper T cells send signals to other immune cells known as B cells, telling them to produce the antibodies that will target the invading pathogen. This creates memory cells that can recognize and neutralize the threat if you’re re-exposed to it. 

The University of Florida: Your Pathway to Success 

While each line of defense may be referred to as first, second and third, they all play crucial roles in maintaining our body’s health against COVID-19, the flu, the common cold and other viruses. 

Understanding the importance of these defenses can inspire individuals to pursue careers in immunology and related fields. If you’re interested in developing vaccines or becoming involved in cutting-edge medical research, the University of Florida offers several online graduate programs tailored to help you achieve your professional goals. Some of them include:

• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 
• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Aging 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

All of our programs offer online students the following advantages: 

• Asynchronous classes that allow you to complete your coursework on your schedule 
• Year-round start dates 
• No GRE requirements 
• Affordable tuition costs 
• A renowned education from U.S. News’ top 10 public universities in the nation

Discover the program that aligns with your passions, and start your application today! 

Sources:
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-the-Three-Lines-of-Defense.aspx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/ 

One moment, you’re scouring your phone’s camera roll for the infamous cake-in-the-hair photo of your kiddo on their first birthday. The next thing you know, you’ve spent an hour absorbed in eight years’ worth of photos, and you’re left wondering where those eight years went. 

As you watch time fly via photo slideshow, you may also notice a few extra fine lines or gray hairs where there were none a few years ago, which begs the question: Why do we age? 

Today, we’re exploring five factors that contribute to the aging process. 

#1 Genetics 

Our genes are one of the main components that impact how and why we age, with each individual’s unique genetic combinations playing a role in determining our overall lifespan. For example, some individuals are born with robust cellular repair mechanisms. This allows them to physically age at a slower rate than those that have less efficient DNA repair mechanisms. 

#2 Hormonal Changes 

Our bodies use hormones to help us complete a myriad of functions, from regulating our metabolism and reproduction to influencing our mood and sleep patterns. Over the years, our hormone production begins to decline.  

Below, we discuss how lower numbers of certain hormones can exacerbate aging. 

Estrogen and Testosterone 

These well-known sex hormones are responsible for more than their fundamental role in helping us reproduce. They also play a part in regulating our bone health and cognitive function. As women age, their estrogen levels lower. This makes them more likely to experience signs of aging in the form of bone loss. For aging men, however, the loss of testosterone can decrease muscle mass and libido, contributing to declines in overall physical function. 

Growth Hormone (GH) 

As you might expect, GH is crucial during our formative years, as it regulates our metabolism and body composition as we grow into our adult bodies. But like with most internal processes, GH declines with age. 

In turn, our metabolic rate may decrease, leading to an accumulation of fat. Depleted GH production can also impair our bodies’ ability to repair tissue, which can contribute to age-related declines in muscle mass, skin elasticity and bone density. 

#3 Chronic Inflammation and Aging

When we get sick or scrape our knees, our bodies get straight to work to repair the damage by initiating an inflammation response. That’s because, as children, our cellular repair capabilities are in their prime. 

As adults, however, our bodies sometimes initiate low-level inflammation even when there’s no infection to fight against. That inflammation can last for days, months or even years at a time. This continuous low-grade inflammation causes what’s known as inflammaging, which makes some individuals more prone to certain age-related diseases and accelerated aging. 

#4 Environmental Factors 

It’s hard to pass up some of life’s simple pleasures, like soaking in the warm rays of the summer sun or treating yourself to an extra glass of wine. However, some of those indulgences contribute to the aging process. 

For instance, the sun’s ultraviolet rays introduce unstable molecules, called free radicals, into our skin. Over time, free radicals have the potential to damage your DNA, which can cause premature aging, wrinkles and cancer. 

Other environmental factors that can cause signs of aging include air pollution and exposure to carcinogens, such as cigarette smoke. 

#5 Lifestyle Choices 

We can’t control how our genes impact the aging process, but we can control some of the lifestyle choices that affect how we age. Below, we explore how some of these can impact you negatively if neglected:  

• Diet 
  A diet that consists largely of processed foods, unhealthy fats and sugar can accelerate internal cellular damage. This increases the likelihood of developing diseases that speed the rate of aging, such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. 

• Physical activity
  A sedentary lifestyle can prematurely contribute to muscle loss, decreased mobility and age-related diseases.  

• Sleep
  Your body needs ample sleep (at least seven hours) to function at maximum capacity. Getting less than that for an extended period can disrupt your body’s natural circadian rhythm, increasing the risk of accelerated brain aging, a condition that occurs when your brain ages faster than your chronological age. This can lead to cognitive decline and memory impairment. 

Fortunately, you can control the lifestyle aspect of aging. With an improved diet, regular exercise and adequate sleep each night, you’re doing your part to slow the inevitable process of aging. But if you want to dive deeper into other mysteries of the human body, why not turn your fascination into a career? 

Unravel the Body’s Many Medical Mysteries at the University of Florida 

UF’s College of Medicine is proud to offer several entirely online graduate programs that focus on medical physiology. Each program enables you to embrace your passion and gain the foundational knowledge and skills to begin a career in medicine, from becoming a physician to pursuing a role as a clinical scientist — and so much more. 

Below, you can browse our diverse range of online graduate degree and certificate programs: 

• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 
• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Aging 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

Our programs are asynchronous and affordable, and we offer year-round start dates. Choose the program that’s right for you, and apply today! 

Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3295054/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5850851/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-018-0059-4
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8865143/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16670164/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6305861/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7698794/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458022000264
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/how-many-hours-of-sleep-are-enough/faq-20057898 

The Dangers of Stopping Antidepressants Cold Turkey 

Antidepressant medications can be extremely effective in helping people cope with potentially debilitating conditions. Often, these medications don’t make a person feel “good” so much as level out their emotions to make them feel normal or stable. Without such medications, many people experience something akin to a frightening roller coaster ride that fluctuates uncontrollably between differing levels of depression. 

The key to ensuring a positive experience with antidepressants is knowing when and how to discontinue their use. If depression symptoms have diminished, a doctor may recommend that a patient begin the process of weaning themselves off a medication. This typically involves a gradual reduction in dosage until the patient is deemed fit to discontinue use of the drug altogether. Physicians rarely if ever have patients stop using a drug all at once — “cold turkey” — and with good reason.  

What Are the Risks of Discontinuing Antidepressants Cold Turkey? 

Antidepressant withdrawal, also known as antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, is a possible consequence of discontinuing an antidepressant too abruptly. If a patient experiences withdrawal related to antidepressants, it doesn’t indicate that they’ve become addicted to them. Rather, addiction-related withdrawal is typically accompanied by uncontrollable cravings for more of the drug and indicates that the brain has undergone a chemical change. 

Quitting antidepressants suddenly can trigger a host of conditions equal to or worse than the condition they were intended to treat and can sometimes undo the real progress made toward conquering depression. Potential complications include: 

• Digestive system issues 
• Headaches  
• Fatigue 
• Insomnia 
• Flu-like symptoms 
• A return of severe depression and/or anxiety 

Antidepressants are designed to remedy the imbalance of chemicals in the brain that can cause depression. The abrupt cessation of antidepressants can create a new kind of chemical imbalance, resulting side effects like the ones listed above. That’s why it’s always best to taper off an antidepressant dosage rather than stop using it cold turkey. 

Graduate-Level Studies in Physiology and Pharmacology 

Explore the impact of antidepressants and other drugs on the brain and the rest of the nervous system, as well as the cardiovascular, digestive, renal and other major body systems. Delivered entirely online through our renowned College of Medicine, the University of Florida’s graduate programs in medical physiology take a deep dive into the functioning of the human body and the factors that affect it, both harmful and helpful.  

These programs are presented in an asynchronous online format that gives you the freedom to complete coursework on your own schedule from virtually anywhere in the world. Whether you’re earning a master’s degree or a graduate certificate, you won’t have to take time away from other important commitments such as work and family. Let’s review these flexible programs now: 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

As a student in our online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology program, you’ll review the various systems of the human body and see how drugs and organisms can alter how they function. Our program’s curriculum is designed to help you prepare for the National Board, MCAT and other crucial exams that can empower you to advance in a medical career or a related field. And there are many other program benefits:  

• Finish a graduate degree in as little as one year. 
• Complete coursework at your own pace. 
• Develop the clinical knowledge that you’ll need to succeed in medical school. 
• Get started without taking the GRE. 
• Take advantage of several financial aid options, if needed. 
• Build valuable leadership skills. 
• Add a revered graduate credential to your resume. 

Graduate Certificate Programs 

Already in a medical career? We can help you excel at what you do by strengthening your understanding of the rudiments of physiology with an emphasis on the major organ systems of the human body. If you already hold a master’s degree and want to gain new skills and credentials that will improve your job performance, you’ll also find our Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology very beneficial. You can complete this program with as little as 9 credits, giving you the potential to collect your certificate after just one semester!  

Essential for anyone who works in a clinical setting, our 12-credit Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology provides a review of cardiovascular and renal health and changes that can occur to their functioning as a result of disease. Students are often able to finish this program in as little as two semesters.  

Combine Programs to Earn Two Respected Credentials  

Have you previously completed either a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology or a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology? If so, you may already be halfway to earning a master’s degree! Our 30-credit master’s degree program accepts up to 15 credits from either of those graduate certificate programs. These programs work seamlessly together to provide a complex and essential understanding of physiology and pharmacology — and two career-enhancing credentials. 

Get the full picture of how drugs and organisms impact human bodies through one or more online graduate programs from the University of Florida. 

Sources:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/antidepressant-withdrawal/faq-20058133
https://www.prevention.com/life/a20509451/what-happens-when-you-stop-taking-antidepressants/
https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/dangers-of-stopping-antidepressants  

Did you know that the total length of blood vessels in the human body amounts to approximately 60,000 miles? To put that into perspective, it’s like traveling from New York City to Los Angeles — and back — approximately 24 times. That’s an extensive network of vessels in one person! 

Yet, just a few hundred years ago, estimating this number would have been purely speculative (and likely vastly underestimated). So how did we uncover this and many other fascinating insights about our internal workings? 

It all began with the study of physiology, which has evolved into several specialized subfields over time. Today, we’re delving into the history of medical physiology, tracing its journey from its origins within general physiology to its emergence as a distinct field within the healthcare industry. 

What Is Medical Physiology? 

Before we dive into the history of medical physiology as we know it today, let’s break down the difference between medical physiology and its predecessor, physiology.  

Medical physiology is a specialized branch of physiology that examines the functioning of the human body in the context of health and disease. In contrast, physiology encompasses the broader functions of various living organisms, including humans, plants and animals. 

Professionals use physiology in many industries, including biology, environmental science, agriculture and medicine. Medical physiology, on the other hand, provides crucial insights for medical diagnoses, guides clinical practice, informs treatment decisions and improves patient care. 

The Evolution of Medical Physiology 

How did medical physiology evolve into such an advanced discipline, and what does its future hold? Below, we explore how this branch of medicine transformed from its primitive origins to the sophisticated field it has become today. 

Ancient Roots 

Physiology dates back thousands of years to ancient Greece, India and Egypt. Hippocrates, the great “father of medicine” is responsible for creating the theory of the body’s four humors. He believed that every human body contained four bodily fluids: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood, and that any changes in their normal ratio caused illness.  

While his theory didn’t quite prove to be correct, he did establish the ethical standards that the medical community uses to this day, known today as the Hippocratic Oath. His teachings outlined clinicians’ duties of justice, secrecy, respect for teachers and solidarity amongst peers. 

The Renaissance 

During the Renaissance period (roughly the 14th to 17th century), the study of the human body’s functions expanded dramatically. Several men played crucial roles in the advancement of physiology, including: 

• Andreas Vesalius
  In the 1500s, anatomist Andreas Vesalius began dissecting human corpses, improving the medical community’s understanding of the body’s structure and anatomy. His efforts came during a time when anatomy was seen by many as a lesser branch of medicine. 

• William Harvey
  Harvey was one of the pioneers of experimental physiology and the first doctor to describe the circulation and properties of blood, noting how the heart pumps blood through the body. 

• Girolamo Fracastoro
  This Italian doctor hypothesized that epidemics may be caused by pathogens outside the body, a novel idea during a time when the understanding of microorganisms was limited. 

The Creation of Specialized Fields 

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, as research on physiology became more prevalent, multidisciplinary specialties emerged within the discipline. One such specialty was medical physiology, which focused on a range of bodily functions including circulation, digestion, metabolism, reproduction and respiration. 

As scientists began to learn more about these functions, medical physiology diverged into several of its own subspecialties, some of which include: 

• Cardiovascular physiology 
  This field focuses on the function of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Over time, cardiovascular physiology has evolved to include heart-related diseases and explores improved treatment options for individuals affected by them.
• Renal physiology 
  This area of physiology centers on the kidneys and their role in filtering waste from the body, regulating blood pressure and maintaining fluid balance. Professionals in renal physiology often engage in the study of kidney disease and collaborate with patients to diagnose and manage various renal disorders.
• Gastrointestinal physiology 
  While the study of the gastrointestinal tract dates back centuries, recent advancements in research have provided medical professionals with a better understanding of its structure and functions. Topics such as nutrient absorption, digestive enzymes, the gut microbiome and appetite regulation are now more accurately investigated. 
• Musculoskeletal physiology 
  Focused on the functions of muscles, bones and joints, musculoskeletal physiology explores the effects of exercise and physical activity on the body. Additionally, this field addresses disorders such as osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy and osteoarthritis. 

Become an Integral Part of the Future of Medical Physiology

Technological advancements like 3D bioprinting and AI-based predictive models and personalized treatment strategies are paving the way for a promising future in medical physiology. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on multidisciplinary physiology, leveraging expertise from various fields to tackle intricate questions concerning human health and disease. 

The future of medical physiology is bright. If you’re interested in becoming part of this expanding field, a graduate credential from the University of Florida could be the first step in helping you achieve your goals.  

We offer several programs that are entirely online and provide worthwhile benefits for busy working professionals, such as: 

• The flexibility to complete your coursework at your convenience. 
• Affordable tuition rates. 
• Year-round start dates. 
• No GRE requirements. 
• The prestige of earning a graduate credential from one of U.S. News’ top 50 universities. 

Browse our program offerings to find the program that best aligns with your career goals and contact us with any questions you may have. Once you’re ready, apply to your program of choice and embark on your journey toward academic excellence and professional success. 

Sources: 

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels 

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323533#renaissance 

Are you contemplating a career in the expansive field of medicine? From nurses and physicians to educators and other healthcare professionals, there are numerous avenues to explore, depending on your passions. 

At UF, our Master of Science in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology caters to a diverse range of aspiring healthcare professionals. Whether you’ve recently completed your undergraduate degree or you’re already working in healthcare and want to broaden your skill set and pursue advanced career paths, our program is designed to meet your needs. 

Today, we’re discussing the ideal candidates for our program. (Hint: If you’re looking for a stepping-stone to specialized roles in medical research, clinical practice or pharmaceuticals, you’re in the right place.) 

Medical Professionals 

The professional pathways for medical professionals are nearly endless. Whether your interests lie in advanced nursing, becoming a physician, pursuing a career as a pharmacist or exploring medical technology, a master’s in medical physiology and pharmacology provides a comprehensive understanding of physiological and pharmacological principles. 

You can apply this knowledge in real-time as you enhance your existing skillset and make more informed decisions regarding patient care. Your pharmacology courses will provide crucial insights into drug actions and interactions, an essential skill for prescribing and administering medications. 

Students Preparing for Standardized Tests 

If you’re gearing up for the MCAT or another standardized test in preparation for medical school, our program offers an excellent opportunity to refresh your knowledge on key MCAT topics while simultaneously earning a comprehensive master’s degree. It’s a win-win. Our courses specifically cover two essential sections of the MCAT: 

• Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems (BBFL) 
• Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS) 

According to feedback from past graduates, engaging in research and completing written assignments during the program enabled them to sharpen their critical thinking skills, better preparing them for these test sections.  

Healthcare Professional Applicants 

No matter which type of graduate school you plan to attend in the future, a master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology showcases your commitment, academic achievements and strong foundation in essential subjects relevant to your applications. This degree provides a competitive advantage when applying to other graduate-level programs, whether it be medical school, nursing school, dental school or any other healthcare-related field. 

Higher Education Teachers 

As a science educator in a high school or community college setting, advancing your career in specific subjects can be challenging without a specialized background. Our online program offers an opportunity to fortify your knowledge base across key areas, including drug discovery, human systems and more. 

Armed with this advanced knowledge, you can position yourself as a valuable asset within your educational institution. Obtaining a master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology not only enhances your teaching effectiveness but also opens doors to engage in curriculum development, pursue research opportunities and assume leadership roles within the academic community. 

Of course, our program is ideal for several other career paths as well, including those interested in making a name for themselves in the following growing fields: 

• Biotechnology 
• Research 
• Pharmacy 
• Clinical science 

Biotechnology Professionals 

If you’re a professional in the biotechnology space, you’ve likely noticed an increasing demand for individuals who possess a strong understanding of the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human body. With this sought-after expertise, you’re better equipped to succeed in diverse biotech roles, from developing new drugs to monitoring clinical trials. 

UF’s master’s in medical physiology and pharmacology provides students with essential knowledge and skills to excel in various roles within the biotechnology and healthcare industries. Graduates of this program can contribute effectively in careers associated with the following responsibilities: 

• Developing new drugs 
• Monitoring clinical trials 
• Conducting research in biotechnology 
• Designing medical devices 
• Analyzing biological data 
• Implementing precision medical techniques 
• Collaborating with healthcare professionals 

Carve Out Your Career in Healthcare With an Online MS From the University of Florida 

The Master of Science in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology is a program that appeals to a broad audience. Whether you’re new to the healthcare industry, a seasoned professional seeking advanced knowledge and skills or a future medical school student looking for a reputable program to enhance your resume, this online program accommodates multiple professional aspirations, offering a versatile pathway to success.  

This entirely online program comprises 30 credit hours, evenly divided between medical pharmacology and medical physiology. Among the total credits, 24 are designated as required courses, allowing you 6 elective credits to select from a diverse range of courses that pair with your career aspirations. From Advanced Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology to Medical Endocrinology and Reproduction, you have the opportunity to shape your academic experience in alignment with your professional passions. 

We accept students year-round, so take the next step toward advancing your career. Apply to our program today! 

If you’re considering a career in renal healthcare or are simply curious about organ functionality, you may have pondered the changes in your kidney health over time. While kidneys would ideally function flawlessly from birth to the golden years, that’s not the case. We experience countless changes as we progress through life, and our renal systems are no exception, undergoing their own evolutionary process. 

In this article, we’ll explore the basics of kidney health, including their location, function and how their role evolves throughout your life. 

Where Are the Kidneys Located?

Think back to playing Operation as a kid. Did you know where the kidneys were?  

These two fist-sized organs sit in the back of the abdomen, just below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make room for the liver. Layers of fat and muscle cushion and protect your kidneys, ensuring they function properly. 

What Do the Kidneys Do, Exactly?

Kidney beans earned their name for a reason: They share a resemblance with the two kidneys situated below your rib cage. These fist-sized organs play a crucial role in how your body functions. They’re part of the urinary system, which comprises the bladder, ureters and urethra. 

 The kidneys’ primary function is to filter about 150 quarts of blood each day, removing waste and maintaining a healthy balance of water, minerals and salts. The filtered waste transforms into urine, which then travels through the ureter to the bladder, ultimately being expelled from the body. 

Kidney Health From Infancy to Geriatrics 

Below, we break down how your kidneys’ function and overall health alters throughout a person’s lifespan: 

Infants 

At around 36 weeks in utero, a baby’s kidneys reach structural completion. Despite this, their renal function remains immature, meaning that they’re not yet operating at optimal capacity. Fortunately, in the first few weeks after birth, as the baby adapts to breathing air and feeding, renal function matures rapidly. 

Children 

Throughout childhood and adolescence, the kidneys typically operate normally, working 24 hours a day to filter blood and eliminate waste from the body. However, some children are diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal failure. Approximately 10,000 children in the United States fall under this category and depend on dialysis treatments until they can undergo a kidney transplant. 

There are several potential causes of kidney disease in children, including: 

• Birth defects 
• Hereditary diseases 
• Infection  
• Nephrotic syndrome 
• Urine blockage 

Adults 

The most effective method for assessing kidney function is by measuring a person’s Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). This measurement indicates how well the glomeruli, the small structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood, are functioning. 

Most people have their highest (and healthiest) GFR rates around the age of 30, with a number anywhere from 90 to 120. At this point, a person’s GFR usually begins a very gradual decline that will continue dropping for the remainder of their lives. However, a slow decrease in GFR is normal and isn’t usually a cause for concern. 

Older Adults 

Around the age of 60, a person’s risk of CKD increases as their kidney function decreases. John Hopkins University estimates that more than half of seniors over age 75 have kidney disease. Not all people with kidney disease notice symptoms, so it’s important to schedule regular checkups with your doctor and test for kidney disease annually. 

How Can I Maintain Good Kidney Health? 

Besides consulting your primary care physician for assessments of your kidney and overall organ health, there are daily activities you can include in your routine to maintain optimal kidney health:  

• Stay hydrated
  One way to help your kidneys is by drinking water throughout the day. Being hydrated can help you flush out toxins more quickly and lubricate your joints. It’s a win-win!

• Incorporate a diet for kidney health 
  Blood pressure plays a role in your kidney health, so try to limit your sodium intake. In addition, focus on heart-healthy foods that minimize the amount of fat building up in your kidneys, such as lean meats, fish, beans, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products. 

• Monitor your blood pressure 
  Incorporate multiple strategies to keep your blood pressure within a healthy range. Consider adding regular exercise to your schedule, limiting alcohol intake and effectively managing your stress levels. These lifestyle adjustments can help support optimal blood pressure levels, as maintaining normal blood pressure is crucial for safeguarding your kidney health. 

• Avoid excess caffeine 
  We appreciate a hot cup of coffee as much as the next person, but too much caffeine can lead to dehydration, which makes it harder for your kidneys to adequately filter blood. Aim for a maximum of 400 milligrams of caffeine each day, while drinking plenty of water in between caffeinated beverages. 

Gain Insight Into Renal Physiology With an Online Graduate Certificate From UF 

If you’re interested in kidney health across all age groups, there are numerous career paths in renal medicine to explore, including roles such as nephrologist, renal nurse, transplant coordinator or renal pharmacist. 

No matter which career piques your interest, the first step to becoming a medical professional is choosing a graduate program that’ll distinguish you from other med school applicants. That’s where UF comes in. 

Our 12-credit online Graduate Certificate in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology is ideal for busy working students interested in gaining a wealth of knowledge about advanced renal physiology and pathophysiology. You can complete the coursework at your own pace, earning your graduate certificate in as little as one year or in a timeframe that aligns with your schedule. 

Ready to jumpstart your career in renal medicine? Apply to our graduate certificate program today! 

Sources: 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8006805/ 

https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/AreYouAware.aspx?emailDate=July_2017 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children

https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/siemens_hcp_gf 

https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/healthy_eating/water-and-healthier-drinks.html 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work 

For over a century, insulin has been a lifeline for millions, helping to regulate blood sugar and keep diabetes in check. But gone are the days of relying solely on painful daily injections. As we mark 100 years since insulin’s groundbreaking discovery, let’s explore how this game-changing hormone — and the way it’s delivered — has evolved, making diabetes management easier and more advanced than ever. 

What Is the Role of Insulin in Diabetes? 

Insulin plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar by helping glucose move from the bloodstream into the body’s cells, where we use it for energy. In people with diabetes, this process is disrupted in one of two key ways: 

• Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the pancreas, preventing the body from producing insulin. 

• Type 2 diabetes happens when the body doesn’t use insulin effectively or doesn’t produce enough. 

Without proper insulin function, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and long-term health risks. 

So, how does insulin actually work?

When you eat, your body breaks food down into glucose (a simple sugar). Insulin, produced by the pancreas, acts like a key, unlocking cells so they can absorb and use glucose for energy in activities like movement, healing and even basics like breathing. 

In type 1 diabetes, the body stops making insulin altogether, making daily insulin therapy essential. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or produces too little of it, which can often be managed with lifestyle changes, medication or insulin therapy. 

Before researchers discovered insulin, diabetes was often fatal. Today, advances in insulin production and delivery have made it possible for millions to manage the disease and live longer, healthier lives. 

Early Insulin Extraction and Breakthroughs 

In 1921, scientists first isolated insulin, extracting it from the pancreas of animals and successfully using it to lower blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. This breakthrough paved the way for insulin as a life-saving treatment. Pharmaceutical companies soon began mass-producing insulin, using animal-derived sources until synthetic versions were developed. 

From Animal to Synthetic Insulin 

While early insulin treatments relied on extracts from cows and pigs, researchers eventually developed synthetic human insulin in the 1980s. This bioengineered insulin, created using recombinant DNA technology, closely mimicked naturally produced insulin and reduced the risk of allergic reactions. Over time, synthetic insulin formulations became more precise, offering longer-lasting and faster-acting options to better regulate blood sugar levels. 

Advances in Insulin Delivery 

Modern insulin delivery has evolved far beyond syringes. Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have made managing diabetes more convenient. 

Devices like insulin pumps provide a steady supply of insulin through a small tube inserted under the skin, eliminating the need for multiple daily injections. Some pumps even integrate with CGMs to adjust insulin levels automatically, bringing diabetes management closer to the function of a healthy pancreas. 

Let’s look at some of these modern methods of insulin delivery and how they have made staying healthy more convenient for diabetics: 

Automated Insulin Delivery Systems 

The first FDA-approved automated insulin delivery (AID) system, the MiniMed 670G, marked a major breakthrough in diabetes management. Often called an “artificial pancreas,” this device continuously monitors glucose levels and delivers insulin as needed. 

Since then, newer models like the MiniMed 780G have improved algorithm accuracy, reduced the need for manual input and provided even greater glycemic control, especially for teens and young adults with Type 1 diabetes. 

Pediatric Specific Technology 

In 2020, the MiniMed 770G became the first AID system approved for children as young as 2 years old. The MiniMed 770G allows young children to receive their insulin doses when they’re at daycare or otherwise away from their parents. It’s also beneficial in situations where children may resist receiving injections.  

Tubeless Insulin Delivery 

We live in a technicolor (and tech-filled) world. With devices like the Omnipod 5, people with diabetes can access tubeless insulin delivery that integrates seamlessly with their smartphones via Bluetooth. Through an app, users can monitor glucose levels, adjust settings and receive real-time alerts. This offers greater freedom, flexibility and peace of mind in their day-to-day lives. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

Whether you’re curious about how insulin works or considering graduate study in medical sciences, here are answers to a few common questions to guide your next steps: 

• What is the role of insulin in managing diabetes?
  Insulin helps regulate blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter cells, where it’s used for energy. In people with diabetes, this process is impaired: either the body doesn’t produce insulin (Type 1) or doesn’t use it effectively (Type 2). Without proper insulin function, blood sugar levels rise and can lead to serious health complications.

• How do insulin pumps work compared to injections?
  Insulin pumps deliver a continuous supply of insulin through a small catheter under the skin, helping mimic the body’s natural insulin release. Unlike injections, which are typically administered several times a day, pumps allow for more precise and flexible control of blood sugar levels. 

Build Expertise in Endocrine System Function and Beyond at UF 

The University of Florida proudly offers several online graduate credentials in the medical sciences. Whether you’re looking to advance your career in endocrinology, biomedical research or diabetes education or want to branch into other areas of health science like medical anatomy, physiology or public health, UF has a program to support your goals. 

As a student, you’ll be able to access your courses entirely online through a virtual classroom that enables you to complete coursework at your own pace, from almost any location. No campus-based classes are required. 

Some of our current online programs include:  

• Master of Science in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

• Master of Science in Medical Anatomy and Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Human Anatomy 

You can explore our full list of online programs here. If you have questions or need help choosing the program that best fits your goals, reach out to one of our Student Outreach and Engagement Specialists (yes, they’re real people). And when you’re ready to take the next step, the fill out an application. 

Sources: 

https://diatribe.org/automated-insulin-delivery 

https://diatribe.org/tech-horizon-automated-insulin-delivery-systems-coming-2020 

https://www.endocrineweb.com/guides/insulin/insulin-pump-overview 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261311/ 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27820140/ 

https://socratic.org/questions/what-body-system-is-the-pancreas-a-part-of  

https://www.biospace.com/article/tubeless-insulin-pump-market-2021-top-trends-statistics-growth-forecasts-2025/ 

Ever found yourself lost in the labyrinth of graduate-level medical physiology courses, with course names and descriptions blurring together? Fear not, because we’re here to shed light on each course’s distinctive and essential contributions to the field. 

Today, let’s zoom in on Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology. This course delves deep into the intricate functions and regulation of muscles and the cardiovascular system. It uncovers how the body adapts to factors like exercise, environmental influences and diseases.  

But what sets Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology apart, and why should you make room for it in your already packed online course load? Join us as we unravel its fundamentals, explore its relevance for your future career and navigate its course structure. 

What Is Cardiovascular Physiology? 

Simply put, cardiovascular physiology is the study of how the heart and blood vessels work in tandem to pump blood through the body. Let’s dive into some of the basic components of the cardiovascular system: 

The Heart 

Responsible for circulating blood throughout your body, the heart works a 24-hour shift, 365 days a year. It beats approximately 115,000 times a day to ensure blood and oxygen are circulated through the body. 

Hearts have four total chambers, including two upper chambers called atria and two lower ones known as ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps blood and oxygen to the lungs, while the left side delivers it to the rest of your body. 

The Blood Vessels 

You can categorize blood vessels into three main types: 

• Arteries: These are the biggest vessels and operate like highways, carrying oxygen-filled blood throughout your body. 

• Veins: After your body absorbs the oxygen from that blood, it filters back to the heart through your veins, which are the equivalent of one-way streets. Veins also filter oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and back into the heart. 

• Capillaries: Lastly, the capillaries act as tiny side streets connecting arteries to veins. They are where oxygen, nutrients and waste are exchanged between the larger blood vessels. 

What Is Muscle Physiology? 

Muscle physiology refers to the study of how our muscles work and enable us to move. There are three main types of muscles throughout your body, including:  

• Skeletal: These are the types of muscles you can feel. Take your biceps or quadriceps, for example. Whether you’ve just completed a strength workout at the gym or you’re sitting at the computer reading this article, you can touch your skin and feel those muscles underneath. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone and are responsible for your ability to walk, run and complete other daily tasks. 

• Smooth: Unlike skeletal muscles, you can’t feel smooth muscles. That’s because they are located inside the walls of your organs to help with internal functions, such as digestion and blood flow. 

• Cardiac: Like the name suggests, cardiac muscle is unique in that it’s made specifically for the heart. It has the very important responsibility of helping your heart pump blood through your body. 

How Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology Can Benefit Your Future 

Whether your goal is to become a surgeon or a general care practitioner, understanding each of these physiology subtypes and how they interact offers you a wealth of potential benefits: 

• Diagnostic skills: Grasping the fundamentals of these specialty areas can help equip you to interpret diagnostic tests related to the heart and muscles, such as EKGs and echocardiograms. 

• Treatment planning: No matter your chosen medical specialty, a thorough background in cardiovascular and muscle physiology can help you create effective treatment plans for patients. 

• Interdisciplinary understanding: Cardiovascular physiology and muscle physiology work in tandem daily. As you exert your muscles walking from place to place, they require more oxygen to function properly. In response, your heart rate increases to meet that demand. In addition, many medical conditions involve both systems, so you’ll be better equipped to address the needs of your patients with a formal education in how they work together and separately. 

How Is Course Content Structured? 

The course content for Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology is structured into several groups: 

• Sub-topical lecture groups: The content is organized into groups of lectures, each covering specific sub-topics.

• Discussion prompts: These are provided to encourage critical thinking and prepare students for problem sets. 

• Problem sets: Designed to help students master the course material, these are graded take-home assignments that allow open book and open note usage. 

• Functional genomics research assignments: There are three assignments aimed at integrating physiology concepts with functional genomics and genetic disease understanding. 

• Self-guided research: These assignments are also completed at home and graded, focusing on the relationship between physiology and diseases with a genetic basis.

The grading scale for the course is broken down as follows: 

• Problem sets: 30% of the total grade 
• Functional genomics research assignments: 30% of the total grade 
• Final exam: 30% of the total grade 
• Discussion participation: 10% of the total grade 

Explore Courses That Pique Your Interests and Propel Your Career 

When you’re gearing up to apply for medical or graduate school, you want to feel confident in your abilities and be prepared for required entrance exams like the MCAT. But how can you ensure your readiness when you’re working full-time, surviving the world of parenting and balancing school? 

That’s where UF’s online graduate credentials come in. Whether you choose a graduate certificate in medical physiology or a master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology, we provide several options to elevate your skillset and prepare you for the next step in your professional journey, be it applying to medical school or jumping directly into the workforce.  

To make the most of your academic journey, it’s crucial to choose the program that best suits your needs and career aspirations. Think of it as a choose-your-own-adventure scenario. Pick the program that fits your schedule, sparks your curiosity and prepares you for a successful future in the field of medicine. It’s your educational journey, and choosing the right program is a significant step toward achieving your goals. 

Apply today! 

Sources:
https://www.healthline.com/health/fun-facts-about-the-heart
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscles