We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, making it no surprise that sleep is a favorite activity for many. Yet, few of us consider the internal processes at work as we settle into bed and drift into dreamland.  

This is where sleep physiology comes into play. It delves into the biological processes behind sleep, exploring how our bodies regulate it, its effects on bodily functions and the different stages of sleep. 

So, grab your favorite pillow and join us as we uncover the essentials of sleep physiology and discover how to enhance your sleep habits for optimal rest and renewal. 

The Sleep Cycle 

Each night, we cycle through two primary phases of sleep:  

• Nonrapid Eye Movement (NREM) 
  NREM sleep accounts for approximately 75% of your sleep time and consists of three stages:
  • Stage one: This brief phase occurs as you start to fall asleep and lasts about five minutes.
  • Stage two: After we nod off, we enter a light sleep for around 25 minutes.
  • Stage three: This is the deepest phase of NREM and often the hardest to wake from. Waking up during this phase can lead to mental fogginess and reduced performance for up to an hour. It is also the most restorative phase, where the body repairs tissues and boosts the immune system. 

• Rapid Eye Movement (REM) 
  Following NREM, REM sleep begins with rapid eye movements and accounts for about 25% of your total sleep time. This phase is famous for creating vivid dreams — like that one where your cat juggled baby mice before a crowd of elderly lions in 1980s punk rock gear. Despite its rich dream content, REM sleep is the least restorative phase. 

Throughout the night, we cycle through these two phases, with the first NREM cycle lasting about 70 minutes and lengthening with each subsequent cycle. The initial REM cycle lasts around 10 minutes, with later cycles extending up to an hour. In total, we experience approximately four to six sleep cycles a night. 

Effects of Impaired Sleep 

Have you ever struggled through a few rough nights of sleep? Whether it’s due to caring for a new baby or giving in to that third cup of coffee, various factors can lead to restless nights. 

You might have noticed the effects of impaired sleep, like difficulty retaining new information, decreased coordination or mood swings. If so, you’re not alone. According to the National Council on Aging, 30% of Americans suffer from insomnia, and 10% say it affects their daily lives. 

Psychological risks of continued poor sleep may include: 

• Hallucinations 

• Mania 

• Impulsive behavior 

• Anxiety 

• Depression 

• Paranoia 

• Suicidal thoughts 

The Benefits of Restorative Rest 

We’ve all experienced waking up from a blissful eight (or even ten) hours of solid sleep. On those mornings, we often feel well-rested, with increased mental clarity, heightened energy and a renewed drive to tackle the day. Oh, the power of a good night’s sleep. 

While sleep needs vary based on genetics, adults aged 18 to 60 generally require seven or more hours each night to experience the following benefits: 

• Improved immune response 

• Reduced stress levels 

• Enhanced metabolism 

• Better heart health 

• Lower risk of chronic conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke 

• Improved attention span 

• Greater ability to remember information

Tips for Optimizing Sleep 

Even under the best circumstances, not every night will provide the perfect amount of zzz’s — but you can still significantly increase the number of nights you enjoy rejuvenating rest. Here are some tips to improve the quality of your sleep:  

• Establish a bedtime routine 
  Go to bed at the same time each night. Develop a consistent pre-sleep routine, such as showering, brushing your teeth and reading a book in bed, to help you wind down and prepare for rest. 

• Maintain a sleep-positive environment 
  Minimize auditory distractions by closing the door or using a sound machine. Maintain a cool room temperature to enhance thermoregulation, which may help you remain in REM sleep for longer periods. 

• Turn off electronic devices before bed 
  While scrolling through social media or catching up on news might seem like a relaxing end to your day, the blue light emitted by phones can interfere with sleep. Instead, replace screen time with relaxing activities like journaling, meditating, stretching or reading. 

Turn Your Passion Into a Rewarding Career 

If you’re intrigued by what your brain and body are up to while you sleep, or if you’re considering a career dedicated to improving the sleep health of others, there are several paths to explore within this segment of the healthcare industry. 

The University of Florida offers a variety of online graduate programs in the medical sciences designed to help you achieve your professional goals. These programs provide an excellent foundation, whether you’re ready to enter the workforce or plan to apply to professional school for further education.

Explore the online graduate certificates and master’s degrees below to find the program that best suits your interests and career aspirations. 

• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Aging 

• Master’s Degree in Medical Anatomy and Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Human Anatomy 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Anatomy and Physiology

Benefits of earning a graduate credential with UF include: 

• Earning many of these credentials in as little as one year. 

• Completing the program at your own pace. 

• Working on assignments from anywhere, anytime. 

• Applying without GRE scores required. 

• Enrolling in programs with year-round admission. 

• Receiving an education from one of U.S. News’ top 50 national universities. 

With so many online graduate credentials to choose from, the choice is yours. Which program aligns with the future of your dreams? Apply today! 

Sources: 
https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-deprivation/effects-on-body#effects
https://www.ncoa.org/adviser/sleep/sleep-statistics/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526132/
https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/index.html
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-is-the-ideal-sleeping-temperature-for-my-bedroom
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-electronics-affect-sleep 

This very second, you have trillions of microorganisms living inside your body — so many that they make up one to three percent of your entire body weight! While you have a sizable combination of bacteria, fungi and viruses swarming around inside you, most microbial cells in your body consist of different types of bacteria, many of them residing in your gut. 

All those gut bacteria have a handful of important jobs to do, including protecting you against pathogens and helping you digest food, which can be especially helpful if you got a little too excited at the all-you-can-eat pizzeria last weekend. Prepare to thank all those tiny bacteria for their hard work as we discuss the important functions that gut bacteria play in our everyday lives and review some tips to help you improve your gut flora.  

What Is Gut Bacteria? 

While you have microbes living on your skin and throughout your body, most of them are bacteria that live in your large intestine, small intestine and stomach. Also known as gut bacteria, this gargantuan number of tiny organisms goes by several other names as well, including: 

• Microflora 
• Microbiome 
• Microbiota 
• Intestinal flora 
• Gut flora 

Regardless of which moniker you use, they all refer to approximately 1,000 species of bacteria that populate your gut, each responsible for various roles in your body. But you’re not born with all these microbes in your body. A baby in utero has an almost entirely sterile gut. It’s not until they make their way through the birth canal that they receive the mother’s vaginal bacteria. While this might not sound glamorous, it’s exactly what a baby needs to begin forming a healthy gut microbiome. 

What Are the Functions of Gut Bacteria? 

In recent years, microbiologists have spent an increasing amount of time determining the role that intestinal flora play in our health. With so many bacteria inside our intestines, it only makes sense that they are somehow significant, right?  

Scientific research shows that gut bacteria may be responsible for multiple roles in our bodies, including the ones listed below. 

Digesting Food 

Some of the first bacteria that babies grow in their gut are called Bifidobacteria. This type of microbe helps us digest the healthy sugars found in breast milk and promotes growth. As our gut flora become more advanced, they help us digest other forms of nutrients too, including:  

• Fiber 
• Complex carbohydrates (like whole grains and vegetables) 
• Proteins 
• Vitamin K

Supporting Your Immune System 

Some of the bacteria in your gut help line your large intestines to keep harmful substances — and leaky gut syndrome — at bay. Helpful bacteria may also work in tandem with your immune system to help fight against pathogen-causing bacteria and communicate with immune cells to control how your body reacts to infection. 

Influencing Brain Function 

Have you ever experienced a case of “the butterflies” in your stomach before a big test or a nerve-wracking first date? According to the American Psychological Association, your gut is tied to your mood, ability to learn, memory and emotions. So, when you find yourself “going with your gut,” it might be because you’re using your second brain — a.k.a. your gut bacteria’s independent nervous system — to help you make some of your decisions.  

In addition, your brain and gut are connected through neurotransmitters. Often produced in your brain, these chemicals are responsible for controlling your feelings and emotions. For example, serotonin is a neurotransmitter that provides feelings of happiness. Not to be outdone, your gut also produces serotonin as well as gamma-aminobutyric acids (GABA), which help regulate negative emotions like anxiety or fear.   

Does Gut Bacteria Also Cause Health Issues?

Yes, maintaining an unhealthy diet and not getting adequate sleep increases your risk of altering your gut flora’s composition. If you find yourself with an imbalance of the healthy microbes in the gut, it may contribute to certain health problems, such as: 

• Obesity 
• Diabetes 
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 
• Inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) 
• Metabolic syndrome

How to Improve Gut Flora: Quick Tips 

If you find yourself with more harmful than healthy bacteria, there is a light at the end of the tunnel. With a few changes to your diet, you can begin rebuilding the healthy bacteria in your microbiome. Below are a few tips to implement to get your gut health back on track: 

• Eat a healthy combination of macronutrients such as complex carbs, healthy fats and lean protein. 

• Opt for fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut and kimchi. They all contain the healthy bacteria Lactobacilli, which may lessen disease-causing bacteria in the gut. 

• Incorporate prebiotic foods like artichokes, asparagus, oats and bananas. They stimulate the growth of healthy gut bacteria. 

• Only take antibiotics when necessary. While they work to kill bacteria-causing infections in your body, they also kill good bacteria. 

You’re not the only one who takes gut health seriously — so does the University of Florida. Our online graduate certificate programs allow you to develop an in-depth comprehension and mastery of the fundamental concepts in several areas of medical sciences, preparing you for numerous careers in healthcare, education, public health and more. 

In addition to acquiring the skills that will provide a leg up against the competition, our 12-credit certificate offers multiple benefits for working professionals, including: 

• Entirely online courses 
• Classes available year-round 
• No GRE requirement 
• Affordable tuition 

Apply to the program that aligns with your future plans today.  

Sources:
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-human-microbiome-project-defines-normal-bacterial-makeup-body
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/the-secret-world-inside-you/microbiome-at-birth
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/gut-microbiome-and-health#TOC_TITLE_HDR_2
https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/gut-feeling
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/gut-brain-connection
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-your-gut-flora-1944914  

In the United States, approximately 38 million people have diabetes. Within that population, about 95% have type 2 diabetes, a condition that affects your body’s ability to metabolize sugar, otherwise known as glucose. 

One such medication is Ozempic, an injectable drug approved by the FDA in 2017 to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Since its introduction, Ozempic has become widely used—not only for its ability to lower blood sugar but also for a notable side effect: weight loss. While Ozempic is not FDA-approved for weight management, its impact on appetite and metabolism has drawn attention beyond the diabetes community.

In this article, we’ll explore how Ozempic works, its role in diabetes management, and why it has gained so much popularity.

What Is Ozempic — and What Does It Treat? 

Ozempic is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It works by improving blood sugar levels over the long term, which is measured by reducing a person’s HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) levels. Additionally, regular use of Ozempic may help lower the risk of major cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes in individuals with type 2 diabetes and heart disease. 

How Does Ozempic Work? 

The active ingredient in Ozempic, semaglutide, works by mimicking a hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). When it activates the GLP-1 receptors, Ozempic enhances your body’s ability to control blood sugar by:  

• Telling your pancreas to release insulin when blood sugar is high

• Blocking the release of a hormone called glucagon, which can make your liver release extra sugar into your blood

• Slowing down the rate at which food moves through your intestines, lowering the amount of sugar that enters your bloodstream after you eat

• Making you feel full, leading to less food consumption

Is Ozempic a Weight Loss Aid? 

In short, no — although one of the common side effects of Ozempic is its ability to help some users lose weight. In a recent Forbes article, Dr. Christopher McGowan explained that in addition to Ozempic’s effects on blood glucose, the active ingredient, semaglutide, also impacts the hunger centers in the brain, reducing feelings of hunger and food cravings. 

While not approved by the FDA as a weight-loss medication, its sister drug, Wegovy, received approval for use by overweight individuals or those with cardiovascular disease in 2021. The key difference between Ozempic and Wegovy is the dosage, with Wegovy offering a higher dose of semaglutide to aid weight loss (alongside a healthy diet and exercise). 

So, although the main function of Ozempic isn’t to help people lose weight, its inclusion of semaglutide often results in weight loss as a side effect experienced by many users. Because type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity, its potential to assist in weight loss may also help individuals manage their condition more effectively and improve their overall health.  

Amp Up Your Career in Medicine with a Graduate Credential from UF 

Whether you’re interested in a career in drug development or sales and marketing, the University of Florida offers an online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology tailored to helping you achieve your goals in the medical industry.  

This entirely online program, developed by two renowned departments at UF, consists of 30 credits divided into two core areas, each comprising 15 credits. The program aims to provide you with an advanced scientific understanding of medical physiology, which focuses on the major human body systems, and medical pharmacology, which examines the impact of drugs on living organisms at the cellular and molecular levels.  

With asynchronous courses, you can complete coursework on a timeline that coordinates with your busy schedule, finishing the program in as little as two semesters. 

If you’re curious about some of our other medical physiology programs, we have several other specialized programs, depending on your interests and career aspirations, including: 

• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Aging 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

If you have questions about any of our programs, please don’t hesitate to contact us for more information. And when you’re ready to make the first move toward making your career dreams a reality, the application is only a click away. 

Sources: 
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/medications-containing-semaglutide-marketed-type-2-diabetes-or-weight-loss
https://www.ozempic.com/why-ozempic/how-ozempic-works.html
https://www.forbes.com/health/weight-loss/ozempic-for-weight-loss/
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-reduce-risk-serious-heart-problems-specifically-adults-obesity-or 

In 1976, researchers first identified a frightening virus that had emerged in the African nation then known as Zaire. While the source of this fast-moving, destructive disease remains unknown, Ebola is believed to have spread to humans from apes, monkeys and bats. There have been several Ebola outbreaks since 1976, primarily in African countries, though the disease has been found in animals originating from Asia as well.  

More recently, the most consequential outbreak became a worldwide epidemic: Beginning in Guinea in 2013, the disease spread to other West African countries and later Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. In the period of two and a half years, Ebola was responsible for killing more than 11,000 people.  

In this article, we explore the devastating effects of the Ebola virus on the human body, tracing its progression from initial symptoms to immune system disruption and organ failure. 

What Is Ebola? 

Ebola is a severe and often fatal disease caused by the Ebola virus. Viewed through a microscope, Ebola looks somewhat like a worm that’s knotted and looped at one end. Like many diseases, it may not be easily recognized by its symptoms, since it shares early symptoms common in many other diseases, including those that indicate a far less serious condition. These symptoms may appear up to three weeks after exposure to the virus and include: 

• Fever 
• Sore throat 
• Aches 
• Fatigue 
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Unusual bruising 
• Bleeding from multiple orifices

How Is Ebola Transmitted?

Humans can contract the virus through contact with infected animal blood and tissue, often via hunting and eating carriers of the disease or being bitten by one of them. The infected individual may then expose others to the disease through their bodily fluids, which can enter the body through a wound, the mucous membranes of the face, or intimate contact. Even a person who has died from Ebola can remain contagious, so their bodies must be handled with care.  

What Does Ebola Do Once Inside the Body?

Ebola immediately attacks the immune system that was designed to fight it, leaving immune cells unresponsive, then rapidly replicates itself and spreads through the bloodstream. Other infected immune cells throughout the body cause clots that rob organs of essential blood. The virus does some of its most catastrophic damage by inhibiting plasma production, though other organs and systems are also impacted as the disease makes its way through the body.  

Many patients die from Ebola: up to 90%, with an average of 50%. Having quality medical care and a strong immune system can increase one’s odds of recovery. End-stage symptoms may include brain inflammation and organ failure. Medical experts believe that Ebola survivors may develop some immunity, as antibodies stay in their blood for up to a decade.  

Discover How Disease and Other Factors Affect Our Body Systems 

As you’ve seen, Ebola can wreak havoc throughout the body, impacting many organs and often resulting in death. The University of Florida is proud to offer several entirely online Master of Science programs that provide different perspectives on the body systems, their organs and factors that can affect them. Some of them include: 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

Acquire a comprehensive scientific understanding of key human body systems, delve into the effects of drugs on living organisms at cellular and molecular tiers, and explore both normal and abnormal conditions in human body systems. Finish this 30-credit degree program in as little as two semesters. 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Aging 

Develop a more expansive and profound understanding of the biological processes associated with aging. Finish this 30-credit degree program in as little as one year. 

Bring the benefits of a master’s degree in medical physiology to your career! 

Sources:
https://time.com/3502740/ebola-virus-1976/
https://www.itg.be/en/health-stories/impact-stories/the-discovery-of-and-research-on-the-ebola-virus

There’s nothing worse than feeling a tinge of discomfort in your throat alerting you that something’s not quite right. When it’s accompanied by a sudden bout of sneezes or a slight fever, you know that it’s time to accept the inevitable: A pathogen has staked its claim in your body, and you’re officially getting sick. 

Long before you feel that first tickle, however, your immune system is already hard at work fighting the good fight against the pathogens causing those symptoms. 

The immune system has multiple lines of defense designed to help you maintain a clean bill of health, but it’s not an exact science. Occasional illnesses are a part of life, even with a healthy immune system. 

Today, we’re dissecting the three strategies the immune system has in place to keep unwanted illnesses at bay. 

What Is the Immune System? 

When you think of your immune system, what do you see? A tiny but mighty army defending its fortress (a.k.a. you)? You’re not wrong! The immune system is our body’s first wall of defense when we encounter antigens and pathogens attempting to nonchalantly sneak past those defenses. 

The immune system is composed of specialized cells that work to identify and eliminate invaders. Like an army, our immune systems use multiple layers of defense to keep those pathogens at bay. 

The Immune System’s Three Lines of Defense 

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system? And are they akin to defensive tiers in football, where the first line of defense represents the biggest and best and the second and third lines act as backup?  

Not quite. 

While each line of defense plays a vital role in the immune system’s function, one isn’t inherently more important than the others. Although certain defenses may be more effective against specific pathogens in specific situations, they all collaborate to shield your body from harmful invaders to ensure your well-being. 

Below, we break down your immune system’s three primary lines of defense, exploring what makes each one unique and how they work to effectively keep your body safe against pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. 

#1 Physical Barriers 

When a pathogen tries to enter your body, the first line of defense it’s up against is our external physical barriers, such as our skin, sweat, saliva and tears. These barriers offer a basic yet effective barrier of protection against unwanted microorganisms. 

Other physical barriers include:  

• Mucous membranes 
  These slimy membranes line our nose, throat, intestines and reproductive tract and trap microbes we come into contact with as we breathe and eat. 

• Nasal hairs 
  The hairs inside your nasal cavity have more responsibilities than causing the occasional sneeze. They also trap pathogens and environmental pollutants, such as pollen and dust (hence the sneezing). 

• Acidic fluids 
  Urine, gastric juices and vaginal secretions create low pH conditions, which aren’t hospitable for pathogens and often destroy them. 

#2 Innate Immune System 

When pathogens bypass the physical barriers, they come across our bodies’ second line of defense: the innate immune system. Rather than targeting particular pathogens, this defense provides an immediate response to any pathogens it detects. Using phagocytes, a broad type of white blood cell, the innate immune system engulfs, digests and eliminates pathogens as they wander through your body. 

#3 Adaptive Immune System 

While slower acting than the innate immune system, the final line of defense—the adaptive immune system— often defends your body with more precision. It works by using memory cells that target germs you’ve encountered previously, thus providing a quick response upon being re-exposed. 

The adaptive immune system is why we usually get certain illnesses, like chicken pox, just once in our lives. After fighting off the virus, our bodies build a natural immunity to it, recognizing it the next time our bodies come into contact with it and destroying it on site. 

The adaptive immune response begins with dendritic cells, which capture and present fragments of the pathogen to helper T cells in nearby lymph nodes. The helper T cells send signals to other immune cells known as B cells, telling them to produce the antibodies that will target the invading pathogen. This creates memory cells that can recognize and neutralize the threat if you’re re-exposed to it. 

The University of Florida: Your Pathway to Success 

While each line of defense may be referred to as first, second and third, they all play crucial roles in maintaining our body’s health against COVID-19, the flu, the common cold and other viruses. 

Understanding the importance of these defenses can inspire individuals to pursue careers in immunology and related fields. If you’re interested in developing vaccines or becoming involved in cutting-edge medical research, the University of Florida offers several online graduate programs tailored to help you achieve your professional goals. Some of them include:

• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 
• Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Aging 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

All of our programs offer online students the following advantages: 

• Asynchronous classes that allow you to complete your coursework on your schedule 
• Year-round start dates 
• No GRE requirements 
• Affordable tuition costs 
• A renowned education from U.S. News’ top 10 public universities in the nation

Discover the program that aligns with your passions, and start your application today! 

Sources:
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-the-Three-Lines-of-Defense.aspx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/ 

In 2023, 15.3% of women and 7.4% of men took antidepressants to help manage their depression — and it’s not hard to see why. Antidepressants can help regulate emotions, turning days filled with dark or racing thoughts into ones that feel more stable and clear-headed. 

But what happens when you start to feel more like your old self? Your energy levels return, and you feel ready to participate in daily activities again. When this happens, can you stop taking your antidepressants cold turkey? 

While it may seem like the logical conclusion, stopping suddenly is not recommended. It’s much safer to work with a physician to create a plan that gradually tapers the medication, helping avoid withdrawal symptoms and the potential return of depression or anxiety. 

In this article, we’ll explore what really happens when you stop taking antidepressants abruptly, why tapering is important, and the risks of going cold turkey. 

What Happens If You Suddenly Stop Taking Antidepressants? 

Some people may consider stopping their antidepressants once they start feeling better, but quitting cold turkey can be risky. Doing so may trigger antidepressant withdrawal, also called discontinuation syndrome. While this is not the same as withdrawal from addictive substances such as opioids or benzodiazepines, it can cause temporary but unpleasant symptoms — usually resolving within a few weeks to two months. 

Common Withdrawal Symptoms: 

• Anxiety that ebbs and flows: Sudden drops in serotonin can make mood swings more noticeable. 

• Difficulty sleeping: Insomnia or restless sleep is common during withdrawal. 

• Quickly changing moods: Emotional stability may temporarily worsen. 

• Reduced enjoyment: Things that once brought pleasure may feel flat. 

• Difficulty concentrating: Brain fog and attention issues can occur. 

• Suicidal thoughts: Rare, but serious; always seek immediate help if this occurs. 

• Restlessness: Feeling jittery or unable to sit still. 

• Flu-like symptoms: Fatigue, muscle aches and headaches may appear. 

In addition to causing some of these symptoms, stopping antidepressants suddenly may also cause the depression to return. That’s why it’s important to talk to your physician instead of quitting antidepressants on your own. 

What Causes Antidepressant Withdrawal Symptoms? 

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome doesn’t have a single clear cause, but it’s most common when you stop taking your medication suddenly. SSRIs — selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. 

If you stop taking an SSRI, serotonin levels can drop quickly, which may trigger withdrawal symptoms. The type of antidepressant, your dosageand how long you’ve been on the medication all play a role in the likelihood and severity of these effects. 

Why Tapering Your Medication Matters 

Stopping antidepressants suddenly can trigger withdrawal symptoms, but gradually reducing your dose — or tapering — allows your brain and body to adjust safely. 

The first step in tapering is to work closely with your physician. Your doctor can create a personalized plan based on the following factors: 

• The type of antidepressant you’re taking 

• Your current dose 

• How long you’ve been on the medication 

Depending on your medical history, tapering may require small, incremental dose reductions over several weeks or months to prevent withdrawal symptoms while maintaining mood stability. 

It’s also important to monitor your symptoms carefully during the tapering process. Keep track of changes in mood, sleep, energy and physical health, and report any concerning signs to your physician immediately. This helps your doctor adjust the plan if needed, providing a safer and more comfortable transition off the medication. 

For example, a physician might reduce a daily dose of an SSRI like Prozac, Zoloft or Lexapro by 10 to 25% every one to two weeks. This gradual approach allows serotonin levels in the brain to adjust slowly, reducing the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms. 

By tapering carefully under medical supervision, you can reduce the risk of complications and support your continued mental health, making the transition off antidepressants much safer than stopping cold turkey. 

Explore Physiology and Pharmacology Online 

Curious about how antidepressants and other drugs actually affect the body? At the University of Florida, our online graduate programs in medical sciences dive into how the brain, heart and other major systems respond to medications and diseases. 

The best part? You can learn on your own schedule. Whether you’re looking to boost your med school prep, strengthen your clinical knowledge or simply stand out with a respected credential, our programs are built to fit into real life. 

Choose your path: 

• Master’s Degree
  Finish in as little as one year, no GRE required. 

• Graduate Certificates
  Quick, focused programs (9–12 credits) that you can complete in one to two semesters. You can even roll credits into the master’s degree later.  

If you’re ready to build deeper knowledge of how the human body works — and make a difference in healthcare — UF’s online programs can help you get there. 

Sources:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/antidepressant-withdrawal/faq-20058133
https://www.prevention.com/life/a20509451/what-happens-when-you-stop-taking-antidepressants/
https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/dangers-of-stopping-antidepressants  

Did you know that the total length of blood vessels in the human body amounts to approximately 60,000 miles? To put that into perspective, it’s like traveling from New York City to Los Angeles — and back — approximately 24 times. That’s an extensive network of vessels in one person! 

Yet, just a few hundred years ago, estimating this number would have been purely speculative (and likely vastly underestimated). So how did we uncover this and many other fascinating insights about our internal workings? 

It all began with the study of physiology, which has evolved into several specialized subfields over time. Today, we’re delving into the history of medical physiology, tracing its journey from its origins within general physiology to its emergence as a distinct field within the healthcare industry. 

What Is Medical Physiology? 

Before we dive into the history of medical physiology as we know it today, let’s break down the difference between medical physiology and its predecessor, physiology. 

Medical physiology is a specialized branch of physiology that examines the functioning of the human body in the context of health and disease. It provides crucial insights for medical diagnoses, guides clinical practice, informs treatment decisions and improves patient care. 

Ancient Beginnings of Medical Physiology 

How did medical physiology evolve into such an advanced discipline, and what does its future hold? Below, we explore how this branch of medicine transformed from its primitive origins to the sophisticated field it has become today. 

Ancient Roots 

Physiology dates back thousands of years to ancient Greece, India and Egypt. Hippocrates, the great “father of medicine,” is responsible for creating the theory of the body’s four humors. He believed that every human body contained four bodily fluids: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood, and that any changes in their normal ratio caused illness.  

While his theory didn’t quite prove to be correct, he did establish the ethical standards that the medical community uses to this day, known today as the Hippocratic Oath. His teachings outlined clinicians’ duties of justice, secrecy, respect for teachers and solidarity amongst peers. 

Medical Physiology in the Renaissance 

During the Renaissance period (roughly the 14th to 17th century), the study of the human body’s functions expanded dramatically. Several men played crucial roles in the advancement of physiology, including: 

• Andreas Vesalius: Anatomical Discoveries
  In the 1500s, anatomist Andreas Vesalius began dissecting human corpses, improving the medical community’s understanding of the body’s structure and anatomy. His efforts came during a time when anatomy was seen by many as a lesser branch of medicine. 

• William Harvey: Blood Circulation
  Harvey was one of the pioneers of experimental physiology and the first doctor to describe the circulation and properties of blood, noting how the heart pumps blood through the body. 

• Girolamo Fracastoro: Early Germ Theory
  This Italian doctor hypothesized that epidemics may be caused by pathogens outside the body, a novel idea during a time when the understanding of microorganisms was limited. 

The Creation of Medical Physiology as a Specialty 

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, as research on physiology became more prevalent, multidisciplinary specialties emerged within the discipline. One such specialty was medical physiology, which focused on a range of bodily functions including circulation, digestion, metabolism, reproduction and respiration. 

The Development of Subfields in Physiology 

As scientists began to learn more about these functions, medical physiology diverged into several of its own subspecialties, some of which include: 

• Cardiovascular physiology 
  This field focuses on the function of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Over time, cardiovascular physiology has evolved to include heart-related diseases and explores improved treatment options for individuals affected by them. 

• Renal physiology 
  This area of physiology centers on the kidneys and their role in filtering waste from the body, regulating blood pressure and maintaining fluid balance. Professionals in renal physiology often study kidney disease and collaborate with patients to diagnose and manage various renal disorders. 

• Gastrointestinal physiology 
  While the study of the gastrointestinal tract dates back centuries, recent advancements in research have provided medical professionals with a better understanding of its structure and functions. Topics such as nutrient absorption, digestive enzymes, the gut microbiome and appetite regulation are now more accurately investigated. 

• Musculoskeletal physiology 
  Focused on the functions of muscles, bones and joints, musculoskeletal physiology explores the effects of exercise and physical activity on the body. This field also addresses disorders such as osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy and osteoarthritis. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Medical Physiology 

Medical physiology is a complex field with a long history, and students or professionals often have similar questions. Below, we answer some of the most common queries to help you understand its origins, significance and impact on modern medicine. 

• What is medical physiology?
  Medical physiology is the study of how the human body functions in health and disease. It focuses specifically on human biology to inform diagnosis, treatment and patient care.

• Who is considered the father of medical physiology?
  While many figures contributed to the development of physiology, Hippocrates is often recognized for establishing early principles, and later pioneers like William Harvey helped formalize the field through discoveries such as blood circulation. 

• When did physiology become a recognized medical science?
  Physiology began to emerge as a formal medical science during the Renaissance, with significant advancements in anatomical studies, experimental methods and understanding of bodily functions that laid the foundation for modern medical physiology. 

• How has medical physiology influenced modern medicine?
  Medical physiology has guided clinical practices, treatment decisions and research. This has led to breakthroughs in areas like cardiovascular health, renal function, gastrointestinal disorders and musculoskeletal care. 

Become Part of the Future of Medical Physiology 

Technological advancements like 3D bioprinting, AI-based predictive models and personalized treatment strategies are paving the way for a promising future in medical physiology. There’s a growing emphasis on multidisciplinary physiology leveraging expertise from various fields to tackle intricate questions concerning human health and disease. 

If you’re interested in becoming part of this expanding field, a graduate credential from the University of Florida could be the first step in helping you achieve your goals. 

We offer several programs that are entirely online and provide worthwhile benefits for busy working professionals, such as:  

• The flexibility to complete your coursework at your convenience 

• Affordable tuition rates 

• Year-round start dates 

• No GRE requirements 

• The prestige of earning a credential from one of U.S. News’ top 10 public universities. 

Browse our program offerings to find the program that matches your career goals and contact us with any questions. Once you’re ready, apply to your program of choice and start your journey toward academic excellence and professional success. 

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323533#renaissance 

If you’re considering a career in renal healthcare or are simply curious about organ functionality, you may have pondered the changes in your kidney health over time. While kidneys would ideally function flawlessly from birth to the golden years, that’s not the case. We experience countless changes as we progress through life, and our renal systems are no exception, undergoing their own evolutionary process. 

In this article, we’ll explore the basics of kidney health, including their location, function and how their role evolves throughout your life. 

Where Are the Kidneys Located?

Think back to playing Operation as a kid. Did you know where the kidneys were?  

These two fist-sized organs sit in the back of the abdomen, just below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make room for the liver. Layers of fat and muscle cushion and protect your kidneys, ensuring they function properly. 

What Do the Kidneys Do, Exactly?

Kidney beans earned their name for a reason: They share a resemblance with the two kidneys situated below your rib cage. These fist-sized organs play a crucial role in how your body functions. They’re part of the urinary system, which comprises the bladder, ureters and urethra. 

 The kidneys’ primary function is to filter about 150 quarts of blood each day, removing waste and maintaining a healthy balance of water, minerals and salts. The filtered waste transforms into urine, which then travels through the ureter to the bladder, ultimately being expelled from the body. 

Kidney Health From Infancy to Geriatrics 

Below, we break down how your kidneys’ function and overall health alters throughout a person’s lifespan: 

Infants 

At around 36 weeks in utero, a baby’s kidneys reach structural completion. Despite this, their renal function remains immature, meaning that they’re not yet operating at optimal capacity. Fortunately, in the first few weeks after birth, as the baby adapts to breathing air and feeding, renal function matures rapidly. 

Children 

Throughout childhood and adolescence, the kidneys typically operate normally, working 24 hours a day to filter blood and eliminate waste from the body. However, some children are diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal failure. Approximately 10,000 children in the United States fall under this category and depend on dialysis treatments until they can undergo a kidney transplant. 

There are several potential causes of kidney disease in children, including: 

• Birth defects 
• Hereditary diseases 
• Infection  
• Nephrotic syndrome 
• Urine blockage 

Adults 

The most effective method for assessing kidney function is by measuring a person’s Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). This measurement indicates how well the glomeruli, the small structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood, are functioning. 

Most people have their highest (and healthiest) GFR rates around the age of 30, with a number anywhere from 90 to 120. At this point, a person’s GFR usually begins a very gradual decline that will continue dropping for the remainder of their lives. However, a slow decrease in GFR is normal and isn’t usually a cause for concern. 

Older Adults 

Around the age of 60, a person’s risk of CKD increases as their kidney function decreases. John Hopkins University estimates that more than half of seniors over age 75 have kidney disease. Not all people with kidney disease notice symptoms, so it’s important to schedule regular checkups with your doctor and test for kidney disease annually. 

How Can I Maintain Good Kidney Health? 

Besides consulting your primary care physician for assessments of your kidney and overall organ health, there are daily activities you can include in your routine to maintain optimal kidney health:  

• Stay hydrated
  One way to help your kidneys is by drinking water throughout the day. Being hydrated can help you flush out toxins more quickly and lubricate your joints. It’s a win-win!

• Incorporate a diet for kidney health 
  Blood pressure plays a role in your kidney health, so try to limit your sodium intake. In addition, focus on heart-healthy foods that minimize the amount of fat building up in your kidneys, such as lean meats, fish, beans, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products. 

• Monitor your blood pressure 
  Incorporate multiple strategies to keep your blood pressure within a healthy range. Consider adding regular exercise to your schedule, limiting alcohol intake and effectively managing your stress levels. These lifestyle adjustments can help support optimal blood pressure levels, as maintaining normal blood pressure is crucial for safeguarding your kidney health. 

• Avoid excess caffeine 
  We appreciate a hot cup of coffee as much as the next person, but too much caffeine can lead to dehydration, which makes it harder for your kidneys to adequately filter blood. Aim for a maximum of 400 milligrams of caffeine each day, while drinking plenty of water in between caffeinated beverages. 

Gain Insight Into Renal Physiology With an Online Graduate Certificate From UF 

If you’re interested in kidney health across all age groups, there are numerous career paths in renal medicine to explore, including roles such as nephrologist, renal nurse, transplant coordinator or renal pharmacist. 

No matter which career piques your interest, the first step to becoming a medical professional is choosing a graduate program that’ll distinguish you from other med school applicants. That’s where UF comes in. 

Our 12-credit online Graduate Certificate in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology is ideal for busy working students interested in gaining a wealth of knowledge about advanced renal physiology and pathophysiology. You can complete the coursework at your own pace, earning your graduate certificate in as little as one year or in a timeframe that aligns with your schedule. 

Ready to jumpstart your career in renal medicine? Apply to our graduate certificate program today! 

Sources: 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8006805/ 

https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/AreYouAware.aspx?emailDate=July_2017 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children

https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/siemens_hcp_gf 

https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/healthy_eating/water-and-healthier-drinks.html 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work 

For over a century, insulin has been a lifeline for millions, helping to regulate blood sugar and keep diabetes in check. But gone are the days of relying solely on painful daily injections. As we mark 100 years since insulin’s groundbreaking discovery, let’s explore how this game-changing hormone — and the way it’s delivered — has evolved, making diabetes management easier and more advanced than ever. 

What Is the Role of Insulin in Diabetes? 

Insulin plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar by helping glucose move from the bloodstream into the body’s cells, where we use it for energy. In people with diabetes, this process is disrupted in one of two key ways: 

• Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the pancreas, preventing the body from producing insulin. 

• Type 2 diabetes happens when the body doesn’t use insulin effectively or doesn’t produce enough. 

Without proper insulin function, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and long-term health risks. 

So, how does insulin actually work?

When you eat, your body breaks food down into glucose (a simple sugar). Insulin, produced by the pancreas, acts like a key, unlocking cells so they can absorb and use glucose for energy in activities like movement, healing and even basics like breathing. 

In type 1 diabetes, the body stops making insulin altogether, making daily insulin therapy essential. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or produces too little of it, which can often be managed with lifestyle changes, medication or insulin therapy. 

Before researchers discovered insulin, diabetes was often fatal. Today, advances in insulin production and delivery have made it possible for millions to manage the disease and live longer, healthier lives. 

Early Insulin Extraction and Breakthroughs 

In 1921, scientists first isolated insulin, extracting it from the pancreas of animals and successfully using it to lower blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. This breakthrough paved the way for insulin as a life-saving treatment. Pharmaceutical companies soon began mass-producing insulin, using animal-derived sources until synthetic versions were developed. 

From Animal to Synthetic Insulin 

While early insulin treatments relied on extracts from cows and pigs, researchers eventually developed synthetic human insulin in the 1980s. This bioengineered insulin, created using recombinant DNA technology, closely mimicked naturally produced insulin and reduced the risk of allergic reactions. Over time, synthetic insulin formulations became more precise, offering longer-lasting and faster-acting options to better regulate blood sugar levels. 

Advances in Insulin Delivery 

Modern insulin delivery has evolved far beyond syringes. Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have made managing diabetes more convenient. 

Devices like insulin pumps provide a steady supply of insulin through a small tube inserted under the skin, eliminating the need for multiple daily injections. Some pumps even integrate with CGMs to adjust insulin levels automatically, bringing diabetes management closer to the function of a healthy pancreas. 

Let’s look at some of these modern methods of insulin delivery and how they have made staying healthy more convenient for diabetics: 

Automated Insulin Delivery Systems 

The first FDA-approved automated insulin delivery (AID) system, the MiniMed 670G, marked a major breakthrough in diabetes management. Often called an “artificial pancreas,” this device continuously monitors glucose levels and delivers insulin as needed. 

Since then, newer models like the MiniMed 780G have improved algorithm accuracy, reduced the need for manual input and provided even greater glycemic control, especially for teens and young adults with Type 1 diabetes. 

Pediatric Specific Technology 

In 2020, the MiniMed 770G became the first AID system approved for children as young as 2 years old. The MiniMed 770G allows young children to receive their insulin doses when they’re at daycare or otherwise away from their parents. It’s also beneficial in situations where children may resist receiving injections.  

Tubeless Insulin Delivery 

We live in a technicolor (and tech-filled) world. With devices like the Omnipod 5, people with diabetes can access tubeless insulin delivery that integrates seamlessly with their smartphones via Bluetooth. Through an app, users can monitor glucose levels, adjust settings and receive real-time alerts. This offers greater freedom, flexibility and peace of mind in their day-to-day lives. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

Whether you’re curious about how insulin works or considering graduate study in medical sciences, here are answers to a few common questions to guide your next steps: 

• What is the role of insulin in managing diabetes?
  Insulin helps regulate blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter cells, where it’s used for energy. In people with diabetes, this process is impaired: either the body doesn’t produce insulin (Type 1) or doesn’t use it effectively (Type 2). Without proper insulin function, blood sugar levels rise and can lead to serious health complications.

• How do insulin pumps work compared to injections?
  Insulin pumps deliver a continuous supply of insulin through a small catheter under the skin, helping mimic the body’s natural insulin release. Unlike injections, which are typically administered several times a day, pumps allow for more precise and flexible control of blood sugar levels. 

Build Expertise in Endocrine System Function and Beyond at UF 

The University of Florida proudly offers several online graduate credentials in the medical sciences. Whether you’re looking to advance your career in endocrinology, biomedical research or diabetes education or want to branch into other areas of health science like medical anatomy, physiology or public health, UF has a program to support your goals. 

As a student, you’ll be able to access your courses entirely online through a virtual classroom that enables you to complete coursework at your own pace, from almost any location. No campus-based classes are required. 

Some of our current online programs include:  

• Master of Science in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

• Master of Science in Medical Anatomy and Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Human Anatomy 

You can explore our full list of online programs here. If you have questions or need help choosing the program that best fits your goals, reach out to one of our Student Outreach and Engagement Specialists (yes, they’re real people). And when you’re ready to take the next step, the fill out an application. 

Sources: 

https://diatribe.org/automated-insulin-delivery 

https://diatribe.org/tech-horizon-automated-insulin-delivery-systems-coming-2020 

https://www.endocrineweb.com/guides/insulin/insulin-pump-overview 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261311/ 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27820140/ 

https://socratic.org/questions/what-body-system-is-the-pancreas-a-part-of  

https://www.biospace.com/article/tubeless-insulin-pump-market-2021-top-trends-statistics-growth-forecasts-2025/