Insulin, “a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels by assisting the transport of glucose from the blood into neighbouring cells,” has traditionally been self-administered by diabetics via an injection in the abdomen. In 2021, the centennial of the discovery of insulin, we take a look at this amazing hormone and just how far insulin delivery has come.  

Early Extraction and Experiments  

In 1921, insulin was first isolated, removed from a subject’s body and used on another subject with diabetes. When tested on animals and humans, insulin samples were successful in lowering recipients’ glucose (blood sugar) level. This success spurred the mass production of insulin by pharmaceutical companies, who used animal insulin as a foundation until a synthetic version was developed. Insulin produced outside a living body has saved the lives of countless diabetics.  

Problems With the Pancreas  

The pancreas, a gland that produces insulin, is part of the body’s endocrine system. When a person has Type 1 diabetes, their pancreas does not create insulin. In Type 2 diabetics, the pancreas either doesn’t create a sufficient amount of insulin or the body doesn’t use it correctly. Modern insulin delivery efforts have centered on creating a type of “artificial pancreas” located outside the body but still able to deliver insulin as needed. 

The Latest Insulin Delivery Systems 

As new automated technologies focused on automatic insulin delivery (AID) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) emerge, the days of having to inject oneself with insulin multiple times daily are in the past for many diabetics. The inconvenience of dealing with needles while at work or running errands has driven the development of devices such as insulin pumps: compact devices capable of delivering a constant supply of insulin through the skin near the abdomen via a small tube or catheter. They can be attached to a belt, an armband or under clothing.  

Let’s look at some of these modern methods of insulin delivery and how they have made staying healthy more convenient for diabetics: 

First Automated Insulin Delivery System 

Just a few short years ago, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the first automated insulin delivery device, known as the MiniMed 670G. This was essentially the artificial pancreas diabetics had been hoping for, though it did not cure diabetes so much as streamline treatment. The device has a small needle that monitors glucose levels 24/7 and a pump that provides an insulin boost as needed.  

First Pediatric Automated Insulin Delivery and Monitoring System 

While previous insulin delivery technology was geared toward teen and adult diabetics, in 2020 the FDA approved a device that would provide automated insulin delivery and monitoring for diabetics from ages 2 through 6. The MiniMed 770G allows young children to receive their insulin doses when they’re at daycare or otherwise away from their parents. It’s also beneficial in situations where children may resist receiving injections.  

Improved Glycemic Control 

Receiving insulin is not without its dangers. If the dose is too high, it can trigger hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), which can cause seizures or even death. Among teens and young adults living with Type 1 diabetes, Medtronic’s Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop (AHCL) system has offered greater control over blood sugar levels than previous AID equipment. 

Tubeless and Tapped In 

AID equipment in development, planned for or already available in 2021 includes less intrusive tubeless models, Bluetooth-enabled devices and pumps that deliver instant information to mobile apps. 

Build Expertise in Endocrine System Function and Beyond 

The University of Florida’s acclaimed College of Medicine offers online graduate degree and certificate  programs with courses dedicated to the endocrine system and other systems of the human body. All programs are delivered entirely online through a virtual classroom that enables you to complete coursework at your own pace, from almost any location. No campus-based classes are required. 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

Our online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology provides comprehensive scientific knowledge about how the human body’s major systems relate to physiology and pharmacology. In addition, our program prepares you for National Board, MCAT and other important exams required for medical school admission and career advancement. 

If you’ve already earned a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology or a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  from UF, you’re halfway to completion of your master’s degree. Our master’s degree program requires 30 credits and lets you transfer up to 15 credits from either of those graduate certificate programs. As a student in our master’s degree program, you’ll also be able to: 

• Complete courses anywhere, at your own pace. 
• Skip the GRE. 
• Build clinical knowledge that can set you up for success in medical school. 
• Collect your degree in as little as one year. 
• Apply for financial aid, if needed. 
• Add a respected education credential to your resume. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  

This graduate certificate program investigates the basics of medical physiology and explores the various systems of the human body. You can complete this 9- to 14-credit program in as little as one semester.  

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

This 12-credit graduate certificate program delivers advanced instruction in cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that will help you in a clinical setting. 

Develop your expertise about the systems of the human body in one or more of the University of Florida’s online medical physiology programs.   

Sources:
https://diatribe.org/automated-insulin-delivery
https://diatribe.org/tech-horizon-automated-insulin-delivery-systems-coming-2020
https://www.endocrineweb.com/guides/insulin/insulin-pump-overview
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261311/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27820140/
https://socratic.org/questions/what-body-system-is-the-pancreas-a-part-of
https://www.biospace.com/article/tubeless-insulin-pump-market-2021-top-trends-statistics-growth-forecasts-2025/ 

Ever found yourself lost in the labyrinth of graduate-level medical physiology courses, with course names and descriptions blurring together? Fear not, because we’re here to shed light on each course’s distinctive and essential contributions to the field. 

Today, let’s zoom in on Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology. This course delves deep into the intricate functions and regulation of muscles and the cardiovascular system. It uncovers how the body adapts to factors like exercise, environmental influences and diseases.  

But what sets Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology apart, and why should you make room for it in your already packed online course load? Join us as we unravel its fundamentals, explore its relevance for your future career and navigate its course structure. 

What Is Cardiovascular Physiology? 

Simply put, cardiovascular physiology is the study of how the heart and blood vessels work in tandem to pump blood through the body. Let’s dive into some of the basic components of the cardiovascular system: 

The Heart 

Responsible for circulating blood throughout your body, the heart works a 24-hour shift, 365 days a year. It beats approximately 115,000 times a day to ensure blood and oxygen are circulated through the body. 

Hearts have four total chambers, including two upper chambers called atria and two lower ones known as ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps blood and oxygen to the lungs, while the left side delivers it to the rest of your body. 

The Blood Vessels 

You can categorize blood vessels into three main types: 

• Arteries: These are the biggest vessels and operate like highways, carrying oxygen-filled blood throughout your body. 

• Veins: After your body absorbs the oxygen from that blood, it filters back to the heart through your veins, which are the equivalent of one-way streets. Veins also filter oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and back into the heart. 

• Capillaries: Lastly, the capillaries act as tiny side streets connecting arteries to veins. They are where oxygen, nutrients and waste are exchanged between the larger blood vessels. 

What Is Muscle Physiology? 

Muscle physiology refers to the study of how our muscles work and enable us to move. There are three main types of muscles throughout your body, including:  

• Skeletal: These are the types of muscles you can feel. Take your biceps or quadriceps, for example. Whether you’ve just completed a strength workout at the gym or you’re sitting at the computer reading this article, you can touch your skin and feel those muscles underneath. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone and are responsible for your ability to walk, run and complete other daily tasks. 

• Smooth: Unlike skeletal muscles, you can’t feel smooth muscles. That’s because they are located inside the walls of your organs to help with internal functions, such as digestion and blood flow. 

• Cardiac: Like the name suggests, cardiac muscle is unique in that it’s made specifically for the heart. It has the very important responsibility of helping your heart pump blood through your body. 

How Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology Can Benefit Your Future 

Whether your goal is to become a surgeon or a general care practitioner, understanding each of these physiology subtypes and how they interact offers you a wealth of potential benefits: 

• Diagnostic skills: Grasping the fundamentals of these specialty areas can help equip you to interpret diagnostic tests related to the heart and muscles, such as EKGs and echocardiograms. 

• Treatment planning: No matter your chosen medical specialty, a thorough background in cardiovascular and muscle physiology can help you create effective treatment plans for patients. 

• Interdisciplinary understanding: Cardiovascular physiology and muscle physiology work in tandem daily. As you exert your muscles walking from place to place, they require more oxygen to function properly. In response, your heart rate increases to meet that demand. In addition, many medical conditions involve both systems, so you’ll be better equipped to address the needs of your patients with a formal education in how they work together and separately. 

How Is Course Content Structured? 

The course content for Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology is structured into several groups: 

• Sub-topical lecture groups: The content is organized into groups of lectures, each covering specific sub-topics.

• Discussion prompts: These are provided to encourage critical thinking and prepare students for problem sets. 

• Problem sets: Designed to help students master the course material, these are graded take-home assignments that allow open book and open note usage. 

• Functional genomics research assignments: There are three assignments aimed at integrating physiology concepts with functional genomics and genetic disease understanding. 

• Self-guided research: These assignments are also completed at home and graded, focusing on the relationship between physiology and diseases with a genetic basis.

The grading scale for the course is broken down as follows: 

• Problem sets: 30% of the total grade 
• Functional genomics research assignments: 30% of the total grade 
• Final exam: 30% of the total grade 
• Discussion participation: 10% of the total grade 

Explore Courses That Pique Your Interests and Propel Your Career 

When you’re gearing up to apply for medical or graduate school, you want to feel confident in your abilities and be prepared for required entrance exams like the MCAT. But how can you ensure your readiness when you’re working full-time, surviving the world of parenting and balancing school? 

That’s where UF’s online graduate credentials come in. Whether you choose a graduate certificate in medical physiology or a master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology, we provide several options to elevate your skillset and prepare you for the next step in your professional journey, be it applying to medical school or jumping directly into the workforce.  

To make the most of your academic journey, it’s crucial to choose the program that best suits your needs and career aspirations. Think of it as a choose-your-own-adventure scenario. Pick the program that fits your schedule, sparks your curiosity and prepares you for a successful future in the field of medicine. It’s your educational journey, and choosing the right program is a significant step toward achieving your goals. 

Apply today! 

Sources:
https://www.healthline.com/health/fun-facts-about-the-heart
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscles 

In order for any drug to do its intended job — relieve pain, kill an infection, etc. — it must be absorbed by the body. This is a process we often take for granted. We simply swallow a pill or receive an injection and wait for the drug to begin working. But there are many factors that can affect drug absorption within the body, some of which may extend your wait time to feel better and become healthier. 

Drugs are generally made up of both active and inactive ingredients. The active ingredients are what actually treat the condition of concern (pain, etc.), while the inactive ingredients, such as the cellulose that makes up a capsule’s outer shell, simply make the drugs easier to swallow. Absorption involves the body breaking down the drug, which separates the active ingredients from the inactive ones and enables the active ingredients to enter the bloodstream. Only then will you begin to benefit from the drug’s effects. 

Specific Factors That Affect Drug Absorption 

These factors can be divided into categories including the drug recipient’s physiological state, the way the drug was manufactured and the method in which it is administered:  

Physiological State 

The state of the recipient’s body influences how a drug is absorbed. Factors include: 

• The drug recipient’s age
  Older people can experience slower drug absorption.

• The type and amount of food in the recipient’s digestive system
  Many drugs are labeled as “take with food,” “take on an empty stomach,” or “can be taken without regard to meals.” 

• The health of the recipient
  Certain gastrointestinal and liver conditions can slow or even prevent absorption of some drugs. 

Drug Manufacturing 

The way a drug is made also affects its absorbability. Factors include: 

• The size of drug molecules (active ingredient)
  The smaller the drug molecules, the faster the rate of absorption will be. 

• The use of protective coatings
  You have probably heard of enteric-coated pills before, but you may not be aware of their purpose. An enteric coating enables a pill to survive stomach acids intact and move to the intestines, where the pill is then absorbed. 

• The density of the drug
  A hard tablet takes longer to absorb than a soft capsule. 

Method of Administration 

In some cases, a physician may want a drug to be absorbed quickly by the patient. In other cases, slow absorption may be more beneficial. Drugs can be administered in a variety of ways, each of which has its own absorption rate. Some typical methods of administering drugs include: 

• Oral – The drug is swallowed. 
• Sublingual – The drug is placed and absorbed beneath the tongue.  
• Topical – The drug is applied to and works on top of the skin. 
• Intramuscular – The drug is injected into a muscle such as a bicep or buttock. 
• Transdermal – The drug is absorbed through the skin.  
• Rectal – The drug is administered as a suppository. 

Learn More in Online Medical Physiology and Pharmacology Programs 

The University of Florida’s acclaimed College of Medicine offers online programs centered on the major human body systems and organs. Depending on which program you choose, you can also take a deep dive into how drugs affect and are processed by the human body. 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

This program helps prepare you for medical school and related exams such as the MCAT and National Board by exploring the ways drugs impact our major body systems and organs. If you’ve previously completed one of the graduate certificate programs listed below, you may be able to transfer up to 15 credits to this 30-credit program, meaning you’re already halfway done with your master’s degree! Many students finish the full degree program in as little as one year. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  

Study the core concepts of medical physiology in this 9- to 14-credit program, which you can complete in as little as one semester. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

Gain a deeper understanding of cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that will prove invaluable in a clinical setting. You may be able to complete this 12-credit program in as little as two semesters. 

Entirely Online, Extremely Convenient  

Each of these programs is delivered in an asynchronous, entirely online format that allows you to complete coursework on your own schedule from practically any location. You can earn a master’s degree or graduate certificate while keeping up with all your professional and personal commitments. 

No GRE is required for admission to any of these graduate programs!  

Hone your mastery of physiology and pharmacology with an online master’s degree or graduate certificate from the University of Florida. 

Sources:
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/drugs/administration-and-kinetics-of-drugs/drug-absorption
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-absorption
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/drug-absorption
https://www.healthline.com/health/capsule-vs-tablet
https://www.healthinaging.org/medications-older-adults/medications-work-differently-older-adults
https://www.slideshare.net/jaimini26/factors-affecting-drug-absorption
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Drug-Absorption.aspx 

From the everyday uncertainties of choosing what to have for dinner to pondering the mysteries of life and death, our daily lives are riddled with anxieties that add unnecessary stress. But one fear in particular has loomed since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020: the dread of the next major, potentially catastrophic disease. Could it eclipse the unforgettable impact of COVID-19, which has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide? 

This mysterious threat, referred to as “Disease X,” has gripped the world’s imagination. Scientists and researchers across the globe are working tirelessly to prepare for it. Yet, how do you prepare for something when you don’t know what it is or how it infects people? 

Today, we delve into the depths of Disease X, exploring why it strikes fear into humanity’s hearts and unraveling the efforts of the scientific community as they prepare to ready themselves (and the world) for the unknown. 

What Is Disease X? 

Coined in 2017, Disease X is a term that the World Health Organization added to a list of pathogens they deemed a high-priority concern for research. Despite being an unidentified microbe, Disease X is believed by researchers to have the potential to wreak havoc on a scale comparable to notorious diseases from history’s past. 

To highlight the gravity of their concerns, the current list also encompasses other formidable viruses, including: 

• COVID-19 
• Ebola virus 
• Lassa fever 
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 
• Zika 

Why Are We Scared of Disease X? 

In addition to the fear of the unknown, Disease X unsettles many for several reasons, including:  

• Possessing Pandemic Potential
  Only a few years ago, the world was shocked into silence when the COVID-19 pandemic took over the world in a matter of months. The idea that another disease could be just as impactful, if not more so, is extremely concerning.

• Creating a Lasting Economic Impact
  From job losses and unstable economies to reduced access to essential supplies (e.g., The Great Toilet Paper Shortage of 2020), pandemics can result in long-lasting economic consequences. 

• Spreading Globally at a Rapid Pace
  Thanks to air travel, we can fly across the world in less than a day. With that advantage comes the potential to spread diseases across national borders at an unprecedented rate, making it more challenging to contain outbreaks. 

How Scientists Are Preparing for Disease X 

Immunologists worked tirelessly on a COVID-19 vaccine, but it still took nearly a year before the first COVID-19 vaccine was authorized. With proactive measures and a $3.5 billion plan, however, the scientific community hopes to have the means to develop a successful immunization within 100 days of Disease X’s initial appearance in the world, should it ever occur. 

There are other ways the scientists and researchers around the world are preparing as well, including: 

• Establishing a new fund for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. 
• Creating a WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence in Berlin. 
• Updating the International Health Regulations and forming a new worldwide agreement that protects countries from future devastation caused by pandemics. 

Be Part of Proactive Measures to Stop Disease X in Its Tracks 

If you’re passionate about disease prevention and wish to contribute to proactive measures in safeguarding public health, consider a career in medical physiology. Physiologists, immunologists, and specialists in physiological health play vital roles in comprehending, preventing, and addressing health challenges. These professions provide opportunities to impact global health positively.

Initiate a fulfilling career in health defense by exploring the University of Florida’s online graduate programs in medical physiology. Our programs are entirely online, allowing you to balance your education with existing commitments. As a full-time student, you may be able to complete a program in just one year! 

Apply today to embark on your journey toward a career in disease prevention and public health. Your future in safeguarding global well-being starts now. 

Sources:
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-toll/
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-27/what-is-disease-x-how-scientists-are-preparing-for-the-next-pandemic
https://cepi.net/news_cepi/beating-the-next-disease-x/
https://endpandemics.cepi.net/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebanker/2021/10/01/toilet-paper-shortages-empty-shelves-and-panic-buying-just-how-bad-was-grocery-service-in-2020/?sh=36ac4d1f7b1a  

First appearing in China near the end of 2019, COVID-19 spread to North America and Europe by February 2020. By November 2020, two major pharmaceutical manufacturers had developed vaccines that were shown to be about 95% effective, which means vaccinated test subjects were 95% less likely to get COVID-19 than unvaccinated ones. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved these vaccines for use within about a year of their inception. Prior to this, the shortest time in which a vaccine had been both developed and FDA approved was four years: for the mumps vaccine, introduced in 1967. At time of writing, there are three primary vaccines in use in the United States, generally known by the names of their manufacturers: Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson.  

mRNA vs. Viral Vector Vaccines 

The available COVID-19 vaccines were developed independently of one another and function in different ways. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are both examples of what’s referred to as a messenger RNA or mRNA vaccine.  

RNA, ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that “carries the genetic instructions for many viruses.” For these vaccines, a genetically engineered version of mRNA was used to instruct cells to create a protein that’s part of the virus. When a person is vaccinated, their body’s immune system begins to create that protein, followed by antibodies that can fight the COVID-19 virus, should that person subsequently be infected with the disease. Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require an initial injection and a second dose delivered several weeks later. 

The Johnson & Johnson vaccine, delivered in a single injection that has shown about 66% efficacy, arrived shortly after the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. It’s what’s called a viral vector vaccine, a type that has also been used to fight HIV, the flu and viral epidemics predating COVID-19. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine was created by introducing genetic material from COVID-19 into another type of virus. The resulting combination is injected into a person’s bloodstream, where the genetic material catalyzes cells to produce a protein. This protein causes the person’s immune system to produce infection-fighting antibodies and white blood cells. AstraZeneca has a similar viral vector vaccine, though it is not approved for use in the United States as of this writing. 

Potential Vaccine Side Effects 

So, what happens to a human body after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine? That depends on a number of factors. An individual’s age, overall health, allergies, gender and other factors can influence what side effects the COVID-19 vaccine might have on their body. Some reports suggest that women suffer side effects at a much higher rate than men, but this is generally true for all vaccines. Overall, the occurrence of side effects indicates that the vaccine is working. 

Systemic Side Effects 

After vaccination, people may experience these systemic effects: 

• Headaches 
• Muscle aches 
• Fatigue 
• Nausea 
• Chills  
• Fever 

Local Side Effects 

Vaccinated people may also experience the following symptoms at the injection site, which is typically the upper arm: 

• Soreness 
• Redness 
• Inflammation 
• Rash (aka “COVID arm”) 

There have been reports of a few deaths occurring after vaccinations for COVID-19, though according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), “A review of available clinical information including death certificates, autopsy and medical records revealed no evidence that vaccination contributed to patient deaths.” 

Gain a Deeper Understanding of How the Body Works and Reacts to Disease and Drugs 

While a cough and fever are among the most common COVID-19 symptoms, the disease can progress into pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that makes respiration difficult and diminishes the oxygen supply to the body’s organs. ARDS may ultimately compromise the respiratory, renal and cardiovascular systems of a COVID-19-infected person.  

The University of Florida’s acclaimed College of Medicine offers programs that focus on how these vital systems work under normal conditions and how they respond to diseases and drugs. Our programs are offered entirely online, enabling you to finish class assignments and tests at your own pace, virtually anywhere.  

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

In our online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology program, you’ll gain a broader scientific understanding of the major systems of the human body and how they’re affected by various drugs. This program also helps you prepare for the National Board, MCAT and other exams that can help you advance to the next level of a medical career. Once you’ve finished your master’s degree, you will have earned a respected graduate-level credential that can position you for more advanced roles within the medical profession. 

If you’ve completed either our Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology or Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology (see more details below), you’ve already completed half of your master’s degree. Our 30-credit master’s degree program allows you to transfer up to 15 credits from your graduate certificate program. And that’s just one of the many benefits of UF’s master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology. You can also: 

• Graduate in as little as one year. 
• Study on your own schedule. 
• Gain the clinical knowledge you’ll need to thrive in medical school. 
• Skip the GRE. 
• Take advantage of multiple financial aid options, should you need them. 
• Earn a career-transforming education credential. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  

One of our two career-boosting graduate certificate options, the Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology explores the essentials of medical physiology and examines the individual human body systems. This is a 9- to 14-credit program that enables you to take up to six courses. However, you only need to complete 9 credits to earn your certificate, which means you can finish in as little as one semester. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

The second of our medical physiology graduate certificates is the 12-credit Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology. This program provides advanced instruction in cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that can prove invaluable in a clinical setting. 

Discover how the body works and reacts to various treatments in an entirely online University of Florida medical physiology program. 

Sources:
https://www.biospace.com/article/a-timeline-of-covid-19-vaccine-development/
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/how-they-work.html#:~:text=Once%20vaccinated%2C%20our%20bodies%20recognize,one%20that%20causes%20COVID%2D19
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/expect/after.html
https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0552-5  

Our organs keep us alive, individually and in combination with other organs. There are about 78 organs in the human body, and each performs one or more vital functions. But do we really need all of those, or are there organs we can live without? 

 As it turns out, we don’t exactly need all of our organs in order to survive. Let’s look at a few “unnecessary” organs, their purpose and why you can live without them. 

Appendix 

What It Does
The appendix is somewhat of a mystery organ, as doctors and scientists aren’t 100% sure of its purpose. One common theory is that this little appendage to the large intestine is where the body stores good bacteria. It may also assist our immune system.  

Why You May Have to Have It Out
When a person develops appendicitis, it means the appendix has become infected. In most cases, doctors will recommend surgical removal of the appendix, known as an appendectomy. 

Why You Can Live Without One
After an appendectomy, patients typically go on to live with no measurable change in their quality of life. 

Gallbladder  

What It Does
Located in the upper abdomen, the gallbladder acts as a storage bag for bile, which the liver creates to help us digest fatty foods. 

Why You May Have to Have It Out
The gallbladder can sometimes develop gallstones, a painful condition that’s usually treated by removal of the organ. 

Why You Can Live Without One
While many doctors recommend a low-fat diet for patients who’ve had their gallbladder removed, this typically only needs to be temporary. Most people experience no complications from life without a gallbladder. 

Kidney  

What It Does
The kidneys perform a variety of important functions, such as filtering waste and excess water out of our blood, producing hormones and regulating the balance of sodium and other chemicals in our bodies. 

Why You May Have to Have It Out
Conditions including cancer and injury may necessitate the removal of a kidney.

Why You Can Live Without One
As vital as kidneys are, most people have two of them and can continue to live a normal life if they have to give one up. In fact, some people have donated one of their kidneys to help a patient with unhealthy kidneys, and both parties have gone on to live healthy lives. 

Lung   

What It Does
Lungs take in oxygen, which moves into the bloodstream, and take carbon dioxide back out of the bloodstream. This waste gas is then expelled (exhaled) out of the body. In short, they’re what we breathe with. 

Why You May Have to Have It Out
Pneumonectomy, or removal of a lung, is performed when cancer or injury has damaged the lung beyond repair.  

Why You Can Live Without One
As with kidneys, we have two lungs, and can live without one of them when necessary. A person with one lung has to adjust their lifestyle somewhat, exerting themselves less due to their decreased intake of oxygen. 

Spleen  

What It Does
The spleen stores and filters blood, destroying damaged or old red blood cells but saving healthy elements for the body to use again.

Why You May Have to Have It Out
A swollen, ruptured or torn spleen will often be removed with a procedure called a splenectomy. 

Why You Can Live Without One
In the absence of a spleen, the lymph nodes and liver will typically adapt to undertake the spleen’s functions. 

 Tonsils  

What They Do
Part of the immune system, the tonsils fight viruses and bacteria that come into the body through the mouth. This can also make them more susceptible to becoming infected or swollen. 

Why You May Have to Have Them Out
When someone develops tonsillitis, it means their tonsils are inflamed. Unlike other conditions we’ve discussed, this is a contagious condition. A tonsillectomy, or removal of the tonsils — they come in and are removed in pairs — may be necessary when the inflamed tonsils can’t be treated any other way. 

Why You Can Live Without Them
Tonsils are less likely to be removed than they once were, with many doctors preferring alternate treatments. Some studies show an increased risk of respiratory disease in patients who’ve had them removed during childhood. But people do live without tonsils and many even experience some benefits in terms of sleep apnea reduction.  

Risks of Removal 

While people can live without the aforementioned organs and others, removal surgery, like any surgery, poses risks for complications and side effects. These can range from minor to severe and life threatening, depending on the organ and complication. Our original organs are best left alone, provided they’re healthy and functioning properly. However, when they’re not, it’s reassuring to know we may not need some of them. 

Online Programs Dedicated to Human Organ Systems 

The University of Florida’s renowned College of Medicine offers entirely online programs focused on human body systems and the organs that comprise them. All of these programs enable you to complete coursework anywhere, 24/7, at your own pace. Having a family or career doesn’t mean having to forego earning a career-boosting education credential! Our programs include:  

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

Prepare for medical school and related exams (National Board, MCAT) as you explore how drugs and other factors affect the body’s systems. If you’ve taken either of the certificate programs below, you’ve already met 15 credits of this program’s 30-credit requirement! No GRE is required for admission, and you may be able to graduate in as little as one year. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  

Learn the essentials of medical physiology and the individual human body systems. You can finish this 9- to 14-credit program in as little as one semester. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

Gain an advanced understanding of cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that will benefit you in clinical settings. You may be able to complete this program in as little as two semesters. 

Master human physiology and pharmacology in an online degree or certificate program from the University of Florida. 

Sources:
https://www.livescience.com/how-many-organs-in-human-body.html 

Whether you’re climbing a fourteener or just visiting the Mile High City for a week of recreational fun, one thing is for certain — both locations are a lot higher than sea level. But what’s the magic number that dictates when you’ve reached a high altitude? 

The sweet spot is anywhere between 4,900 to 11,500 feet. If you go higher, you’ve reached the even more elusive (and slightly less oxygenated) very high altitude. So, while you’re sipping that CBD-infused latte in downtown Denver, it may not look or even feel like you’re on top of the world. But if you’ve only just arrived, we’re willing to bet that you might notice one or two of the side effects of being in a high-altitude location, like dizziness, headaches or nausea. 

So why do we face these occasional uncomfortable symptoms and how do our bodies adapt to such a drastic change in height? In this article, we’ll break down how we acclimate to high altitude, what altitude sickness is and how to prepare for your next high-elevation getaway. 

Living the High Life: How Your Body Adapts 

When you arrive at a high-altitude location, it would be wonderful if you could snap your fingers and bam — instantly adjust your body to its new environment. Unfortunately, there’s more to it than that. The higher the altitude, the fewer oxygen molecules are in the air. This means that as you inhale, you’re receiving less oxygen than you normally would, which could lower your oxygen saturation levels. 

When your oxygen saturation lowers, your blood contains less oxygen. If this happens, your body may find delivering oxygen to your organs more difficult. To counteract this, your body produces more red blood cells, making it easier to pump oxygen through your system. 

Other short-term adjustments your body makes to acclimate itself include: 

• Increased breathing rate
  The peripheral chemoreceptors in your body will detect a change in lower oxygen levels. When this happens, you may need to take more breaths so you receive the same amount of oxygen you would receive at a lower altitude. 

• A faster heart rate
  Those very same peripheral chemoreceptors also cause stimulation to your sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The SNS responds to stressful situations, such as when your body realizes it needs to work a little harder to retrieve oxygen. In response, your heart rate may increase to deliver more oxygen-filled blood to your body. 

• Increased urination
  When you’re at a high altitude, you’re more susceptible to alkalosis, a condition that occurs when there’s an imbalance in your body’s pH levels. Alkalosis happens when you have too many bicarbonates (a base) and not enough acids in your system. To avoid this condition, your body compensates by removing those bicarbonates through the kidneys and, eventually, through urination. 

What Is Altitude Sickness — and Can You Avoid It? 

As your body adapts to its new environment, you may experience altitude sickness, a term that describes several symptoms that can occur at a high altitude. Common symptoms of altitude sickness include: 

• Headache 
• Muscle aches 
• Nausea 
• Dizziness 
• Fatigue 
• Shortness of breath 
• Loss of appetite 

While the symptoms may not sound (or feel) pleasant, they usually arrive within 12 to 24 hours after you’ve arrived at a high-altitude location and disappear after a day or two after you’ve acclimated. The good news is that not everyone will experience altitude sickness; if you do, you’ll likely only experience a few symptoms. 

How to Prepare for High Altitude 

Thankfully, there are a few preventative measures you can take to lessen your chances of experiencing altitude sickness, including: 

• Staying hydrated 
  As your kidneys filter out the bicarbonates, you might find yourself taking a few extra trips to the bathroom. Since your body is losing liquid rapidly, it’s essential to drink plenty of liquids to keep yourself hydrated. 

• Limiting your alcohol intake 
  You might be thinking, fabulous — a cocktail is the perfect liquid solution. Not so fast. As your body adapts to the altitude, it’s not as equipped to process alcohol effectively. In addition, alcohol is a diuretic, so it will increase the number of times you urinate. 

• Taking it easy 
  Your internal processes are doing a lot of work to help you adjust to the heightened elevation quickly. The best way you can help yourself is to relax as it adapts. You don’t have to lay in your hotel bed all day, but if you do decide to go for a hike or even a walk down Main Street, be sure to take it slow. 

Take Your Career to New Heights at the University of Florida 

If you’re taking a gap year to experience the world and take a breath of fresh (albeit less oxygenated) air in a high-altitude environment, we have the perfect way to help you prepare for the next phase of life. Whether you’re prepping for the MCAT or assembling an application to medical or nursing school, the University of Florida offers a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology that you can complete from almost anywhere — entirely online. 

While only 9 credit hours are required for completion, you can take up to 14 credits and explore electives that suit your interests and professional goals. Courses can be completed at your convenience and give you all the tools you need to prepare for the next chapter in your career, whether you’re going into dentistry, nursing, or another field in the medical industry. 

Apply now to study medical physiology at the University of Florida. 

Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539701/
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/21%3A_Respiratory_System/21.11%3A_Respiratory_Adjustments/21.11B%3A_Adjustments_at_High_Altitude
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14660497/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23262-sympathetic-nervous-system-sns-fight-or-flight
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/altitude-sickness 

From sunburns and dark spots to more severe long-term consequences like skin cancer, you may be all too familiar with the potential repercussions of enjoying one too many beach days without sunscreen. And while it’s likely that your parents discussed the negative effects of having a little too much fun in the sun, they probably never took the time to go over what happens if you don’t get enough of it. 

The sun’s potentially damaging UV rays are the very same ones that provide your body with a natural form of vitamin D: an essential nutrient that keeps your bones healthy, reduces inflammation and supports your immune health and metabolism. 

But what happens when you’re not receiving enough sunlight? 

While it’s safe to say you won’t turn into a vampire, it is possible to experience some less-than-pleasant effects. In this article, we discuss the potential impacts of not getting enough sunlight and how much sun you actually need. 

Effects of Not Receiving Enough Sunlight 

There are several reasons individuals might not obtain enough natural sunlight. Whether they live in an area that boasts more nighttime than daytime hours or have a medical condition that makes it challenging to go outside, deficiency in sunlight is more prevalent than you might think. 

Here are some of the most common effects people experience if they don’t receive an adequate amount of sunlight: 

• Weakened immune system 
  Vitamin D plays an important role in keeping your immune system in tip-top shape by boosting immune cells’ production of pathogen-fighting proteins. When you don’t absorb enough sunlight, you may experience a weakened immune system and become more susceptible to getting the flu, cold or other infections. 

• Low energy
  Sunlight may be responsible for increasing the brain’s production of serotonin, the hormone associated with producing a sense of calm and boosting your mood. Without sunlight, your serotonin levels may dip, which could trigger a state of fatigue even when you’ve received an adequate amount of sleep. 

• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
  If you live in an environment where the sun is in short supply during those frigid winter months, you might be all too familiar with the winter blues. But did you know that the sun may be partially to blame for those feelings of depression or mood changes? The decrease in sunlight during winter months can impact your internal clock — also known as circadian rhythm — which can disrupt your sleep schedule and lead to feelings of depression. 

• Weaker bones
  Sunlight plays an important role in providing your body with vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium and phosphorus to keep your bones strong. Without enough vitamin D, you are more prone to becoming an unwilling recipient of weaker bones. Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels can lead to lower bone density, which may be a leading factor in causing potential fractures or osteoporosis. 

• Weight gain
  We’ve already mentioned that a lack of sunlight can affect your circadian rhythm. When that biological clock is altered, you may find it more challenging to sleep at night. If that happens repeatedly, you’re more likely to feel fatigued throughout the day, lending less energy for a regular exercise routine. In addition, the sun may play a part in keeping your metabolism on track. One study found that UV rays cause nitric oxide production, which helps your metabolism function properly. Without sunlight, your metabolism could slow down, making it easier to gain weight. 

How Much Sun Is Enough? 

While you don’t need to lay on a log like a turtle basking in the sun to receive an ample amount of vitamin D, the question remains — how much sun do we need to ensure we’re getting our daily dose? 

It largely depends on three factors: 

• The color of your skin
  Fair-skinned individuals usually have less melanin (the pigment that determines your skin color) than people with dark skin. Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen to protect your skin from UV rays. This means that people with darker skin often need to spend longer periods in the sun to receive the same amount of vitamin D as someone with lighter skin. 

• The time of day you go outside
  UV rays are at their peak during midday. By choosing to take a stroll in the early afternoon, you won’t need to stay outside as long to get an ample amount of sunlight and vitamin D. 

• The amount of clothing you wear 
  When it’s cold, you usually don more layers of clothing. While these layers do keep you warm, they also ensure that less of your skin receives direct contact with sunlight. It’s important to stay outside longer when you’re bundled up to ensure your uncovered skin is absorbing enough vitamin D. 

Overall, the amount of sun you need depends on the factors listed above. But if you’re able to expose one-third of your skin by wearing shorts and a T-shirt, then spending 10 to 30 minutes in the sun three times a week is plenty of time to ensure you’re getting enough sunlight. 

Gain Practical Knowledge for Careers in Medicine at the University of Florida 

If you’re interested in giving your resume a sizeable boost, look no further than the University of Florida’s online Medical Physiology Graduate Certificate program. In as little as one semester, you can complete the 9 to 14 credit hours needed to obtain the certificate. This program consists of rigorous and up-to-date content and is ideal for a variety of professionals in the medical community, including: 

• Nurses 
• Physician assistants 
• Medical school applicants 
• Individuals preparing for the MCAT 
• High school or community college professors teaching biology or physiology courses 

Learn more details about our online Medical Physiology Graduate Certificate program or take the next step and apply today. 

Sources:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166406/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26538987/ 

What comes to mind when you think of bacteria? Infection? Illness? While these ailments are often associated with bacteria, not all species of bacteria cause harm. Some are actually quite beneficial, and understanding how these microorganisms operate will make you feel much better about knowing that they’re alive inside you right now. 

Bacteria are tiny organisms — living things — that exist within the bodies of humans and animals and in just about every environment on the planet. To give you an idea of just how small bacteria are, compare these single-celled microbes to the average adult human male, who is made up of more than an estimated 37 trillion cells. Despite their microscopic size, bacteria have the potential to do a great deal of harm or good within our bodies.  

Separating the Good From the Bad 

Our digestive system (or gastrointestinal system) is home to five different types of bacteria, each of which contains multiple bacterial species. Bacteria are an important part of our flora, or the organisms that live in our bodies. Although bacterial species are responsible for some forms of pneumonia, food poisoning, strep throat, tuberculosis and a slew of other conditions we all want to avoid, many types of bacteria are ultimately beneficial.   

Many dairy products, including yogurt, kefir and most cheeses, are made with fermented milk, which means bacteria were encouraged to grow in the milk. These fermented products help deliver “good” bacteria to your digestive system and help break down foods so that the nutrients can be absorbed and waste products can be removed. Gut bacteria have been shown to play a positive role in the growth of infants and can help prevent conditions such as: 

• Diabetes 
• Obesity 
• Immune and autoimmune disorders 
• Digestive disorders 

Considering the potential benefits of gut bacteria, it’s no wonder so many people are intentionally introducing more bacteria into their bodies through probiotic supplements. Yes, there are “bad” bacteria in your gut as well, but having sufficient amounts of the good kind creates a balance that will prevent harmful bacteria from threatening your health.  

Online Explorations of the Inner Workings of the Human Body 

Expand your understanding of how the gastrointestinal system and the organisms within react to the introduction of other organisms or drugs, as well as how the nervous system and all the various systems of the human body react to such factors. The University of Florida’s renowned College of Medicine delivers one physiology-focused master’s degree program and two graduate certificate programs entirely online. Each of these graduate options enables you to build new career expertise and credentials at your own pace. UF’s online classroom is open 24/7 and accessible from virtually anywhere, offering you the flexibility to complete your studies around your professional and personal commitments. Let’s take a closer look at these programs now: 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

Our online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology examines the effects of antibiotics, tobacco, cannabis and various other drugs on the major human body systems and our general health. In addition, our program helps you prepare for the National Board, MCAT and other exams that are crucial to your advancement within a medical career or a related field. Choose this program and you can: 

• Graduate in as little as a year. 
• Apply without taking the GRE. 
• Complete required coursework on your own schedule. 
• Acquire clinical knowledge that will help you excel in medical school. 
• Take advantage of a greater number of financial aid options. 
• Compete for coveted leadership positions. 

In addition, if you‘ve previously completed a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology or a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology, you’re already halfway to earning your master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology! Our master’s degree program permits you to transfer up to 15 credits from either of those certificate programs, which are explained below.  

Graduate Certificates 

If you’ve already completed at least a bachelor’s degree and want to give your current career a boost with up-to-date skills and an additional credential, you may want to consider one of our graduate certificate programs: 

Our Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology presents an advanced evaluation of cardiovascular and renal functioning and pathophysiology that will prove invaluable to you in a clinical setting. Students can finish this program’s 12 required credits in as little as two semesters.  

Our 9-to-14-credit Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology program explores the essentials of physiology with specific attention paid to the primary human body systems. You’ll enjoy tremendous flexibility that will allow you to complete this program in just one semester! 

Complement your understanding of human body systems and functioning with an online graduate degree or certificate program from the University of Florida.  

Sources:
https://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health-pictures/amazing-benefits-of-gut-bacteria.aspx
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/-/media/institute-basic-biomedical-sciences/4-the-gut-microbiome-tuddenham.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983973/
https://www.science.org.au/curious/people-medicine/gut-bacteria