The Dangers of Stopping Antidepressants Cold Turkey 

Antidepressant medications can be extremely effective in helping people cope with potentially debilitating conditions. Often, these medications don’t make a person feel “good” so much as level out their emotions to make them feel normal or stable. Without such medications, many people experience something akin to a frightening roller coaster ride that fluctuates uncontrollably between differing levels of depression. 

The key to ensuring a positive experience with antidepressants is knowing when and how to discontinue their use. If depression symptoms have diminished, a doctor may recommend that a patient begin the process of weaning themselves off a medication. This typically involves a gradual reduction in dosage until the patient is deemed fit to discontinue use of the drug altogether. Physicians rarely if ever have patients stop using a drug all at once — “cold turkey” — and with good reason.  

What Are the Risks of Discontinuing Antidepressants Cold Turkey? 

Antidepressant withdrawal, also known as antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, is a possible consequence of discontinuing an antidepressant too abruptly. If a patient experiences withdrawal related to antidepressants, it doesn’t indicate that they’ve become addicted to them. Rather, addiction-related withdrawal is typically accompanied by uncontrollable cravings for more of the drug and indicates that the brain has undergone a chemical change. 

Quitting antidepressants suddenly can trigger a host of conditions equal to or worse than the condition they were intended to treat and can sometimes undo the real progress made toward conquering depression. Potential complications include: 

• Digestive system issues 
• Headaches  
• Fatigue 
• Insomnia 
• Flu-like symptoms 
• A return of severe depression and/or anxiety 

Antidepressants are designed to remedy the imbalance of chemicals in the brain that can cause depression. The abrupt cessation of antidepressants can create a new kind of chemical imbalance, resulting side effects like the ones listed above. That’s why it’s always best to taper off an antidepressant dosage rather than stop using it cold turkey. 

Graduate-Level Studies in Physiology and Pharmacology 

Explore the impact of antidepressants and other drugs on the brain and the rest of the nervous system, as well as the cardiovascular, digestive, renal and other major body systems. Delivered entirely online through our renowned College of Medicine, the University of Florida’s graduate programs in medical physiology take a deep dive into the functioning of the human body and the factors that affect it, both harmful and helpful.  

These programs are presented in an asynchronous online format that gives you the freedom to complete coursework on your own schedule from virtually anywhere in the world. Whether you’re earning a master’s degree or a graduate certificate, you won’t have to take time away from other important commitments such as work and family. Let’s review these flexible programs now: 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

As a student in our online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology program, you’ll review the various systems of the human body and see how drugs and organisms can alter how they function. Our program’s curriculum is designed to help you prepare for the National Board, MCAT and other crucial exams that can empower you to advance in a medical career or a related field. And there are many other program benefits:  

• Finish a graduate degree in as little as one year. 
• Complete coursework at your own pace. 
• Develop the clinical knowledge that you’ll need to succeed in medical school. 
• Get started without taking the GRE. 
• Take advantage of several financial aid options, if needed. 
• Build valuable leadership skills. 
• Add a revered graduate credential to your resume. 

Graduate Certificate Programs 

Already in a medical career? We can help you excel at what you do by strengthening your understanding of the rudiments of physiology with an emphasis on the major organ systems of the human body. If you already hold a master’s degree and want to gain new skills and credentials that will improve your job performance, you’ll also find our Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology very beneficial. You can complete this program with as little as 9 credits, giving you the potential to collect your certificate after just one semester!  

Essential for anyone who works in a clinical setting, our 12-credit Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology provides a review of cardiovascular and renal health and changes that can occur to their functioning as a result of disease. Students are often able to finish this program in as little as two semesters.  

Combine Programs to Earn Two Respected Credentials  

Have you previously completed either a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology or a Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology? If so, you may already be halfway to earning a master’s degree! Our 30-credit master’s degree program accepts up to 15 credits from either of those graduate certificate programs. These programs work seamlessly together to provide a complex and essential understanding of physiology and pharmacology — and two career-enhancing credentials. 

Get the full picture of how drugs and organisms impact human bodies through one or more online graduate programs from the University of Florida. 

Sources:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/antidepressant-withdrawal/faq-20058133
https://www.prevention.com/life/a20509451/what-happens-when-you-stop-taking-antidepressants/
https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/dangers-of-stopping-antidepressants  

Did you know that the total length of blood vessels in the human body amounts to approximately 60,000 miles? To put that into perspective, it’s like traveling from New York City to Los Angeles — and back — approximately 24 times. That’s an extensive network of vessels in one person! 

Yet, just a few hundred years ago, estimating this number would have been purely speculative (and likely vastly underestimated). So how did we uncover this and many other fascinating insights about our internal workings? 

It all began with the study of physiology, which has evolved into several specialized subfields over time. Today, we’re delving into the history of medical physiology, tracing its journey from its origins within general physiology to its emergence as a distinct field within the healthcare industry. 

What Is Medical Physiology? 

Before we dive into the history of medical physiology as we know it today, let’s break down the difference between medical physiology and its predecessor, physiology.  

Medical physiology is a specialized branch of physiology that examines the functioning of the human body in the context of health and disease. In contrast, physiology encompasses the broader functions of various living organisms, including humans, plants and animals. 

Professionals use physiology in many industries, including biology, environmental science, agriculture and medicine. Medical physiology, on the other hand, provides crucial insights for medical diagnoses, guides clinical practice, informs treatment decisions and improves patient care. 

The Evolution of Medical Physiology 

How did medical physiology evolve into such an advanced discipline, and what does its future hold? Below, we explore how this branch of medicine transformed from its primitive origins to the sophisticated field it has become today. 

Ancient Roots 

Physiology dates back thousands of years to ancient Greece, India and Egypt. Hippocrates, the great “father of medicine” is responsible for creating the theory of the body’s four humors. He believed that every human body contained four bodily fluids: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood, and that any changes in their normal ratio caused illness.  

While his theory didn’t quite prove to be correct, he did establish the ethical standards that the medical community uses to this day, known today as the Hippocratic Oath. His teachings outlined clinicians’ duties of justice, secrecy, respect for teachers and solidarity amongst peers. 

The Renaissance 

During the Renaissance period (roughly the 14th to 17th century), the study of the human body’s functions expanded dramatically. Several men played crucial roles in the advancement of physiology, including: 

• Andreas Vesalius
  In the 1500s, anatomist Andreas Vesalius began dissecting human corpses, improving the medical community’s understanding of the body’s structure and anatomy. His efforts came during a time when anatomy was seen by many as a lesser branch of medicine. 

• William Harvey
  Harvey was one of the pioneers of experimental physiology and the first doctor to describe the circulation and properties of blood, noting how the heart pumps blood through the body. 

• Girolamo Fracastoro
  This Italian doctor hypothesized that epidemics may be caused by pathogens outside the body, a novel idea during a time when the understanding of microorganisms was limited. 

The Creation of Specialized Fields 

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, as research on physiology became more prevalent, multidisciplinary specialties emerged within the discipline. One such specialty was medical physiology, which focused on a range of bodily functions including circulation, digestion, metabolism, reproduction and respiration. 

As scientists began to learn more about these functions, medical physiology diverged into several of its own subspecialties, some of which include: 

• Cardiovascular physiology 
  This field focuses on the function of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Over time, cardiovascular physiology has evolved to include heart-related diseases and explores improved treatment options for individuals affected by them.
• Renal physiology 
  This area of physiology centers on the kidneys and their role in filtering waste from the body, regulating blood pressure and maintaining fluid balance. Professionals in renal physiology often engage in the study of kidney disease and collaborate with patients to diagnose and manage various renal disorders.
• Gastrointestinal physiology 
  While the study of the gastrointestinal tract dates back centuries, recent advancements in research have provided medical professionals with a better understanding of its structure and functions. Topics such as nutrient absorption, digestive enzymes, the gut microbiome and appetite regulation are now more accurately investigated. 
• Musculoskeletal physiology 
  Focused on the functions of muscles, bones and joints, musculoskeletal physiology explores the effects of exercise and physical activity on the body. Additionally, this field addresses disorders such as osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy and osteoarthritis. 

Become an Integral Part of the Future of Medical Physiology

Technological advancements like 3D bioprinting and AI-based predictive models and personalized treatment strategies are paving the way for a promising future in medical physiology. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on multidisciplinary physiology, leveraging expertise from various fields to tackle intricate questions concerning human health and disease. 

The future of medical physiology is bright. If you’re interested in becoming part of this expanding field, a graduate credential from the University of Florida could be the first step in helping you achieve your goals.  

We offer several programs that are entirely online and provide worthwhile benefits for busy working professionals, such as: 

• The flexibility to complete your coursework at your convenience. 
• Affordable tuition rates. 
• Year-round start dates. 
• No GRE requirements. 
• The prestige of earning a graduate credential from one of U.S. News’ top 50 universities. 

Browse our program offerings to find the program that best aligns with your career goals and contact us with any questions you may have. Once you’re ready, apply to your program of choice and embark on your journey toward academic excellence and professional success. 

Sources: 

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels 

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323533#renaissance 

If you’re considering a career in renal healthcare or are simply curious about organ functionality, you may have pondered the changes in your kidney health over time. While kidneys would ideally function flawlessly from birth to the golden years, that’s not the case. We experience countless changes as we progress through life, and our renal systems are no exception, undergoing their own evolutionary process. 

In this article, we’ll explore the basics of kidney health, including their location, function and how their role evolves throughout your life. 

Where Are the Kidneys Located?

Think back to playing Operation as a kid. Did you know where the kidneys were?  

These two fist-sized organs sit in the back of the abdomen, just below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make room for the liver. Layers of fat and muscle cushion and protect your kidneys, ensuring they function properly. 

What Do the Kidneys Do, Exactly?

Kidney beans earned their name for a reason: They share a resemblance with the two kidneys situated below your rib cage. These fist-sized organs play a crucial role in how your body functions. They’re part of the urinary system, which comprises the bladder, ureters and urethra. 

 The kidneys’ primary function is to filter about 150 quarts of blood each day, removing waste and maintaining a healthy balance of water, minerals and salts. The filtered waste transforms into urine, which then travels through the ureter to the bladder, ultimately being expelled from the body. 

Kidney Health From Infancy to Geriatrics 

Below, we break down how your kidneys’ function and overall health alters throughout a person’s lifespan: 

Infants 

At around 36 weeks in utero, a baby’s kidneys reach structural completion. Despite this, their renal function remains immature, meaning that they’re not yet operating at optimal capacity. Fortunately, in the first few weeks after birth, as the baby adapts to breathing air and feeding, renal function matures rapidly. 

Children 

Throughout childhood and adolescence, the kidneys typically operate normally, working 24 hours a day to filter blood and eliminate waste from the body. However, some children are diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal failure. Approximately 10,000 children in the United States fall under this category and depend on dialysis treatments until they can undergo a kidney transplant. 

There are several potential causes of kidney disease in children, including: 

• Birth defects 
• Hereditary diseases 
• Infection  
• Nephrotic syndrome 
• Urine blockage 

Adults 

The most effective method for assessing kidney function is by measuring a person’s Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). This measurement indicates how well the glomeruli, the small structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood, are functioning. 

Most people have their highest (and healthiest) GFR rates around the age of 30, with a number anywhere from 90 to 120. At this point, a person’s GFR usually begins a very gradual decline that will continue dropping for the remainder of their lives. However, a slow decrease in GFR is normal and isn’t usually a cause for concern. 

Older Adults 

Around the age of 60, a person’s risk of CKD increases as their kidney function decreases. John Hopkins University estimates that more than half of seniors over age 75 have kidney disease. Not all people with kidney disease notice symptoms, so it’s important to schedule regular checkups with your doctor and test for kidney disease annually. 

How Can I Maintain Good Kidney Health? 

Besides consulting your primary care physician for assessments of your kidney and overall organ health, there are daily activities you can include in your routine to maintain optimal kidney health:  

• Stay hydrated
  One way to help your kidneys is by drinking water throughout the day. Being hydrated can help you flush out toxins more quickly and lubricate your joints. It’s a win-win!

• Incorporate a diet for kidney health 
  Blood pressure plays a role in your kidney health, so try to limit your sodium intake. In addition, focus on heart-healthy foods that minimize the amount of fat building up in your kidneys, such as lean meats, fish, beans, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products. 

• Monitor your blood pressure 
  Incorporate multiple strategies to keep your blood pressure within a healthy range. Consider adding regular exercise to your schedule, limiting alcohol intake and effectively managing your stress levels. These lifestyle adjustments can help support optimal blood pressure levels, as maintaining normal blood pressure is crucial for safeguarding your kidney health. 

• Avoid excess caffeine 
  We appreciate a hot cup of coffee as much as the next person, but too much caffeine can lead to dehydration, which makes it harder for your kidneys to adequately filter blood. Aim for a maximum of 400 milligrams of caffeine each day, while drinking plenty of water in between caffeinated beverages. 

Gain Insight Into Renal Physiology With an Online Graduate Certificate From UF 

If you’re interested in kidney health across all age groups, there are numerous career paths in renal medicine to explore, including roles such as nephrologist, renal nurse, transplant coordinator or renal pharmacist. 

No matter which career piques your interest, the first step to becoming a medical professional is choosing a graduate program that’ll distinguish you from other med school applicants. That’s where UF comes in. 

Our 12-credit online Graduate Certificate in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology is ideal for busy working students interested in gaining a wealth of knowledge about advanced renal physiology and pathophysiology. You can complete the coursework at your own pace, earning your graduate certificate in as little as one year or in a timeframe that aligns with your schedule. 

Ready to jumpstart your career in renal medicine? Apply to our graduate certificate program today! 

Sources: 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8006805/ 

https://nccd.cdc.gov/ckd/AreYouAware.aspx?emailDate=July_2017 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/children

https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/siemens_hcp_gf 

https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/healthy_eating/water-and-healthier-drinks.html 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678 

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work 

For over a century, insulin has been a lifeline for millions, helping to regulate blood sugar and keep diabetes in check. But gone are the days of relying solely on painful daily injections. As we mark 100 years since insulin’s groundbreaking discovery, let’s explore how this game-changing hormone — and the way it’s delivered — has evolved, making diabetes management easier and more advanced than ever. 

What Is the Role of Insulin in Diabetes? 

Insulin plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar by helping glucose move from the bloodstream into the body’s cells, where we use it for energy. In people with diabetes, this process is disrupted in one of two key ways: 

• Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the pancreas, preventing the body from producing insulin. 

• Type 2 diabetes happens when the body doesn’t use insulin effectively or doesn’t produce enough. 

Without proper insulin function, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and long-term health risks. 

So, how does insulin actually work?

When you eat, your body breaks food down into glucose (a simple sugar). Insulin, produced by the pancreas, acts like a key, unlocking cells so they can absorb and use glucose for energy in activities like movement, healing and even basics like breathing. 

In type 1 diabetes, the body stops making insulin altogether, making daily insulin therapy essential. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or produces too little of it, which can often be managed with lifestyle changes, medication or insulin therapy. 

Before researchers discovered insulin, diabetes was often fatal. Today, advances in insulin production and delivery have made it possible for millions to manage the disease and live longer, healthier lives. 

Early Insulin Extraction and Breakthroughs 

In 1921, scientists first isolated insulin, extracting it from the pancreas of animals and successfully using it to lower blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. This breakthrough paved the way for insulin as a life-saving treatment. Pharmaceutical companies soon began mass-producing insulin, using animal-derived sources until synthetic versions were developed. 

From Animal to Synthetic Insulin 

While early insulin treatments relied on extracts from cows and pigs, researchers eventually developed synthetic human insulin in the 1980s. This bioengineered insulin, created using recombinant DNA technology, closely mimicked naturally produced insulin and reduced the risk of allergic reactions. Over time, synthetic insulin formulations became more precise, offering longer-lasting and faster-acting options to better regulate blood sugar levels. 

Advances in Insulin Delivery 

Modern insulin delivery has evolved far beyond syringes. Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have made managing diabetes more convenient. 

Devices like insulin pumps provide a steady supply of insulin through a small tube inserted under the skin, eliminating the need for multiple daily injections. Some pumps even integrate with CGMs to adjust insulin levels automatically, bringing diabetes management closer to the function of a healthy pancreas. 

Let’s look at some of these modern methods of insulin delivery and how they have made staying healthy more convenient for diabetics: 

Automated Insulin Delivery Systems 

The first FDA-approved automated insulin delivery (AID) system, the MiniMed 670G, marked a major breakthrough in diabetes management. Often called an “artificial pancreas,” this device continuously monitors glucose levels and delivers insulin as needed. 

Since then, newer models like the MiniMed 780G have improved algorithm accuracy, reduced the need for manual input and provided even greater glycemic control, especially for teens and young adults with Type 1 diabetes. 

Pediatric Specific Technology 

In 2020, the MiniMed 770G became the first AID system approved for children as young as 2 years old. The MiniMed 770G allows young children to receive their insulin doses when they’re at daycare or otherwise away from their parents. It’s also beneficial in situations where children may resist receiving injections.  

Tubeless Insulin Delivery 

We live in a technicolor (and tech-filled) world. With devices like the Omnipod 5, people with diabetes can access tubeless insulin delivery that integrates seamlessly with their smartphones via Bluetooth. Through an app, users can monitor glucose levels, adjust settings and receive real-time alerts. This offers greater freedom, flexibility and peace of mind in their day-to-day lives. 

Frequently Asked Questions 

Whether you’re curious about how insulin works or considering graduate study in medical sciences, here are answers to a few common questions to guide your next steps: 

• What is the role of insulin in managing diabetes?
  Insulin helps regulate blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter cells, where it’s used for energy. In people with diabetes, this process is impaired: either the body doesn’t produce insulin (Type 1) or doesn’t use it effectively (Type 2). Without proper insulin function, blood sugar levels rise and can lead to serious health complications.

• How do insulin pumps work compared to injections?
  Insulin pumps deliver a continuous supply of insulin through a small catheter under the skin, helping mimic the body’s natural insulin release. Unlike injections, which are typically administered several times a day, pumps allow for more precise and flexible control of blood sugar levels. 

Build Expertise in Endocrine System Function and Beyond at UF 

The University of Florida proudly offers several online graduate credentials in the medical sciences. Whether you’re looking to advance your career in endocrinology, biomedical research or diabetes education or want to branch into other areas of health science like medical anatomy, physiology or public health, UF has a program to support your goals. 

As a student, you’ll be able to access your courses entirely online through a virtual classroom that enables you to complete coursework at your own pace, from almost any location. No campus-based classes are required. 

Some of our current online programs include:  

• Master of Science in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

• Master of Science in Medical Anatomy and Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology 

• Graduate Certificate in Medical Human Anatomy 

You can explore our full list of online programs here. If you have questions or need help choosing the program that best fits your goals, reach out to one of our Student Outreach and Engagement Specialists (yes, they’re real people). And when you’re ready to take the next step, the fill out an application. 

Sources: 

https://diatribe.org/automated-insulin-delivery 

https://diatribe.org/tech-horizon-automated-insulin-delivery-systems-coming-2020 

https://www.endocrineweb.com/guides/insulin/insulin-pump-overview 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7261311/ 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27820140/ 

https://socratic.org/questions/what-body-system-is-the-pancreas-a-part-of  

https://www.biospace.com/article/tubeless-insulin-pump-market-2021-top-trends-statistics-growth-forecasts-2025/ 

Ever found yourself lost in the labyrinth of graduate-level medical physiology courses, with course names and descriptions blurring together? Fear not, because we’re here to shed light on each course’s distinctive and essential contributions to the field. 

Today, let’s zoom in on Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology. This course delves deep into the intricate functions and regulation of muscles and the cardiovascular system. It uncovers how the body adapts to factors like exercise, environmental influences and diseases.  

But what sets Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology apart, and why should you make room for it in your already packed online course load? Join us as we unravel its fundamentals, explore its relevance for your future career and navigate its course structure. 

What Is Cardiovascular Physiology? 

Simply put, cardiovascular physiology is the study of how the heart and blood vessels work in tandem to pump blood through the body. Let’s dive into some of the basic components of the cardiovascular system: 

The Heart 

Responsible for circulating blood throughout your body, the heart works a 24-hour shift, 365 days a year. It beats approximately 115,000 times a day to ensure blood and oxygen are circulated through the body. 

Hearts have four total chambers, including two upper chambers called atria and two lower ones known as ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps blood and oxygen to the lungs, while the left side delivers it to the rest of your body. 

The Blood Vessels 

You can categorize blood vessels into three main types: 

• Arteries: These are the biggest vessels and operate like highways, carrying oxygen-filled blood throughout your body. 

• Veins: After your body absorbs the oxygen from that blood, it filters back to the heart through your veins, which are the equivalent of one-way streets. Veins also filter oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and back into the heart. 

• Capillaries: Lastly, the capillaries act as tiny side streets connecting arteries to veins. They are where oxygen, nutrients and waste are exchanged between the larger blood vessels. 

What Is Muscle Physiology? 

Muscle physiology refers to the study of how our muscles work and enable us to move. There are three main types of muscles throughout your body, including:  

• Skeletal: These are the types of muscles you can feel. Take your biceps or quadriceps, for example. Whether you’ve just completed a strength workout at the gym or you’re sitting at the computer reading this article, you can touch your skin and feel those muscles underneath. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone and are responsible for your ability to walk, run and complete other daily tasks. 

• Smooth: Unlike skeletal muscles, you can’t feel smooth muscles. That’s because they are located inside the walls of your organs to help with internal functions, such as digestion and blood flow. 

• Cardiac: Like the name suggests, cardiac muscle is unique in that it’s made specifically for the heart. It has the very important responsibility of helping your heart pump blood through your body. 

How Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology Can Benefit Your Future 

Whether your goal is to become a surgeon or a general care practitioner, understanding each of these physiology subtypes and how they interact offers you a wealth of potential benefits: 

• Diagnostic skills: Grasping the fundamentals of these specialty areas can help equip you to interpret diagnostic tests related to the heart and muscles, such as EKGs and echocardiograms. 

• Treatment planning: No matter your chosen medical specialty, a thorough background in cardiovascular and muscle physiology can help you create effective treatment plans for patients. 

• Interdisciplinary understanding: Cardiovascular physiology and muscle physiology work in tandem daily. As you exert your muscles walking from place to place, they require more oxygen to function properly. In response, your heart rate increases to meet that demand. In addition, many medical conditions involve both systems, so you’ll be better equipped to address the needs of your patients with a formal education in how they work together and separately. 

How Is Course Content Structured? 

The course content for Medical Cardiovascular and Muscle Physiology is structured into several groups: 

• Sub-topical lecture groups: The content is organized into groups of lectures, each covering specific sub-topics.

• Discussion prompts: These are provided to encourage critical thinking and prepare students for problem sets. 

• Problem sets: Designed to help students master the course material, these are graded take-home assignments that allow open book and open note usage. 

• Functional genomics research assignments: There are three assignments aimed at integrating physiology concepts with functional genomics and genetic disease understanding. 

• Self-guided research: These assignments are also completed at home and graded, focusing on the relationship between physiology and diseases with a genetic basis.

The grading scale for the course is broken down as follows: 

• Problem sets: 30% of the total grade 
• Functional genomics research assignments: 30% of the total grade 
• Final exam: 30% of the total grade 
• Discussion participation: 10% of the total grade 

Explore Courses That Pique Your Interests and Propel Your Career 

When you’re gearing up to apply for medical or graduate school, you want to feel confident in your abilities and be prepared for required entrance exams like the MCAT. But how can you ensure your readiness when you’re working full-time, surviving the world of parenting and balancing school? 

That’s where UF’s online graduate credentials come in. Whether you choose a graduate certificate in medical physiology or a master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology, we provide several options to elevate your skillset and prepare you for the next step in your professional journey, be it applying to medical school or jumping directly into the workforce.  

To make the most of your academic journey, it’s crucial to choose the program that best suits your needs and career aspirations. Think of it as a choose-your-own-adventure scenario. Pick the program that fits your schedule, sparks your curiosity and prepares you for a successful future in the field of medicine. It’s your educational journey, and choosing the right program is a significant step toward achieving your goals. 

Apply today! 

Sources:
https://www.healthline.com/health/fun-facts-about-the-heart
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21640-blood-vessels
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscles 

In order for any drug to do its intended job — relieve pain, kill an infection, etc. — it must be absorbed by the body. This is a process we often take for granted. We simply swallow a pill or receive an injection and wait for the drug to begin working. But there are many factors that can affect drug absorption within the body, some of which may extend your wait time to feel better and become healthier. 

Drugs are generally made up of both active and inactive ingredients. The active ingredients are what actually treat the condition of concern (pain, etc.), while the inactive ingredients, such as the cellulose that makes up a capsule’s outer shell, simply make the drugs easier to swallow. Absorption involves the body breaking down the drug, which separates the active ingredients from the inactive ones and enables the active ingredients to enter the bloodstream. Only then will you begin to benefit from the drug’s effects. 

Specific Factors That Affect Drug Absorption 

These factors can be divided into categories including the drug recipient’s physiological state, the way the drug was manufactured and the method in which it is administered:  

Physiological State 

The state of the recipient’s body influences how a drug is absorbed. Factors include: 

• The drug recipient’s age
  Older people can experience slower drug absorption.

• The type and amount of food in the recipient’s digestive system
  Many drugs are labeled as “take with food,” “take on an empty stomach,” or “can be taken without regard to meals.” 

• The health of the recipient
  Certain gastrointestinal and liver conditions can slow or even prevent absorption of some drugs. 

Drug Manufacturing 

The way a drug is made also affects its absorbability. Factors include: 

• The size of drug molecules (active ingredient)
  The smaller the drug molecules, the faster the rate of absorption will be. 

• The use of protective coatings
  You have probably heard of enteric-coated pills before, but you may not be aware of their purpose. An enteric coating enables a pill to survive stomach acids intact and move to the intestines, where the pill is then absorbed. 

• The density of the drug
  A hard tablet takes longer to absorb than a soft capsule. 

Method of Administration 

In some cases, a physician may want a drug to be absorbed quickly by the patient. In other cases, slow absorption may be more beneficial. Drugs can be administered in a variety of ways, each of which has its own absorption rate. Some typical methods of administering drugs include: 

• Oral – The drug is swallowed. 
• Sublingual – The drug is placed and absorbed beneath the tongue.  
• Topical – The drug is applied to and works on top of the skin. 
• Intramuscular – The drug is injected into a muscle such as a bicep or buttock. 
• Transdermal – The drug is absorbed through the skin.  
• Rectal – The drug is administered as a suppository. 

Learn More in Online Medical Physiology and Pharmacology Programs 

The University of Florida’s acclaimed College of Medicine offers online programs centered on the major human body systems and organs. Depending on which program you choose, you can also take a deep dive into how drugs affect and are processed by the human body. 

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

This program helps prepare you for medical school and related exams such as the MCAT and National Board by exploring the ways drugs impact our major body systems and organs. If you’ve previously completed one of the graduate certificate programs listed below, you may be able to transfer up to 15 credits to this 30-credit program, meaning you’re already halfway done with your master’s degree! Many students finish the full degree program in as little as one year. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  

Study the core concepts of medical physiology in this 9- to 14-credit program, which you can complete in as little as one semester. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

Gain a deeper understanding of cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that will prove invaluable in a clinical setting. You may be able to complete this 12-credit program in as little as two semesters. 

Entirely Online, Extremely Convenient  

Each of these programs is delivered in an asynchronous, entirely online format that allows you to complete coursework on your own schedule from practically any location. You can earn a master’s degree or graduate certificate while keeping up with all your professional and personal commitments. 

No GRE is required for admission to any of these graduate programs!  

Hone your mastery of physiology and pharmacology with an online master’s degree or graduate certificate from the University of Florida. 

Sources:
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/drugs/administration-and-kinetics-of-drugs/drug-absorption
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-absorption
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/drug-absorption
https://www.healthline.com/health/capsule-vs-tablet
https://www.healthinaging.org/medications-older-adults/medications-work-differently-older-adults
https://www.slideshare.net/jaimini26/factors-affecting-drug-absorption
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Drug-Absorption.aspx 

From the everyday uncertainties of choosing what to have for dinner to pondering the mysteries of life and death, our daily lives are riddled with anxieties that add unnecessary stress. But one fear in particular has loomed since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020: the dread of the next major, potentially catastrophic disease. Could it eclipse the unforgettable impact of COVID-19, which has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide? 

This mysterious threat, referred to as “Disease X,” has gripped the world’s imagination. Scientists and researchers across the globe are working tirelessly to prepare for it. Yet, how do you prepare for something when you don’t know what it is or how it infects people? 

Today, we delve into the depths of Disease X, exploring why it strikes fear into humanity’s hearts and unraveling the efforts of the scientific community as they prepare to ready themselves (and the world) for the unknown. 

What Is Disease X? 

Coined in 2017, Disease X is a term that the World Health Organization added to a list of pathogens they deemed a high-priority concern for research. Despite being an unidentified microbe, Disease X is believed by researchers to have the potential to wreak havoc on a scale comparable to notorious diseases from history’s past. 

To highlight the gravity of their concerns, the current list also encompasses other formidable viruses, including: 

• COVID-19 
• Ebola virus 
• Lassa fever 
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 
• Zika 

Why Is Society Scared of Disease X? 

In addition to the fear of the unknown, Disease X unsettles many for several reasons, including:  

• Possessing Pandemic Potential
  Only a few years ago, the world was shocked into silence when the COVID-19 pandemic took over the world in a matter of months. The idea that another disease could be just as impactful, if not more so, is extremely concerning.

• Creating a Lasting Economic Impact
  From job losses and unstable economies to reduced access to essential supplies (e.g., The Great Toilet Paper Shortage of 2020), pandemics can result in long-lasting economic consequences. 

• Spreading Globally at a Rapid Pace
  Thanks to air travel, we can fly across the world in less than a day. With that advantage comes the potential to spread diseases across national borders at an unprecedented rate, making it more challenging to contain outbreaks. 

How Are Scientists Preparing for Disease X?

Immunologists worked tirelessly on a COVID-19 vaccine, but it still took nearly a year before the first COVID-19 vaccine was authorized. With proactive measures and a $3.5 billion plan, however, the scientific community hopes to have the means to develop a successful immunization within 100 days of Disease X’s initial appearance in the world, should it ever occur. 

There are other ways the scientists and researchers around the world are preparing as well, including: 

• Establishing a new fund for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. 
• Creating a WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence in Berlin. 
• Updating the International Health Regulations and forming a new worldwide agreement that protects countries from future devastation caused by pandemics. 

Key Takeaways

What is Disease X? 

Coined in 2017, Disease X is a term that the World Health Organization added to a list of pathogens they deemed a high-priority concern for research.   

Why is society scared of Disease X? 

Society is concerned about ‘Disease X’ for several reasons. It has the potential for a global pandemic, similar to COVID-19, which could have an equally or more significant impact. Such a disease could also lead to lasting economic consequences, including job losses, unstable economies and reduced access to essential supplies. Furthermore, modern air travel allows diseases to spread globally at an unprecedented rate, making outbreaks challenging to contain.

How quickly could a vaccine for Disease X be developed? 

The scientific community hopes to have the means to develop a successful immunization within 100 days of Disease X’s initial appearance in the world, should it ever occur.

What other preparations are scientists making for Disease X? 

In addition to vaccine development plans, scientists and researchers worldwide are preparing for ‘Disease X’ by establishing a new fund for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response; creating a WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence in Berlin; and updating the International Health Regulations to form a new global agreement for protection against future pandemics. 

Help Stop Formidable Diseases in Their Tracks 

If you’re passionate about disease prevention and wish to contribute to proactive measures in safeguarding public health, consider a career in medical physiology. Physiologists, immunologists, and specialists in physiological health play vital roles in comprehending, preventing, and addressing health challenges. These professions provide opportunities to impact global health positively.

Start a fulfilling career in health defense by exploring the University of Florida’s online graduate programs in medical physiology. Our programs are entirely online, allowing you to balance your education with existing commitments. As a full-time student, you may be able to complete a program in just one year! 

Apply today to embark on your journey toward a career in disease prevention and public health. Your future in safeguarding global well-being starts now. 

Sources:
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-toll/
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-27/what-is-disease-x-how-scientists-are-preparing-for-the-next-pandemic
https://cepi.net/news_cepi/beating-the-next-disease-x/
https://endpandemics.cepi.net/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebanker/2021/10/01/toilet-paper-shortages-empty-shelves-and-panic-buying-just-how-bad-was-grocery-service-in-2020/?sh=36ac4d1f7b1a  

First appearing in China near the end of 2019, COVID-19 spread to North America and Europe by February 2020. By November 2020, two major pharmaceutical manufacturers had developed vaccines that were shown to be about 95% effective, which means vaccinated test subjects were 95% less likely to get COVID-19 than unvaccinated ones. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved these vaccines for use within about a year of their inception. Prior to this, the shortest time in which a vaccine had been both developed and FDA approved was four years: for the mumps vaccine, introduced in 1967. At time of writing, there are three primary vaccines in use in the United States, generally known by the names of their manufacturers: Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson.  

mRNA vs. Viral Vector Vaccines 

The available COVID-19 vaccines were developed independently of one another and function in different ways. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are both examples of what’s referred to as a messenger RNA or mRNA vaccine.  

RNA, ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that “carries the genetic instructions for many viruses.” For these vaccines, a genetically engineered version of mRNA was used to instruct cells to create a protein that’s part of the virus. When a person is vaccinated, their body’s immune system begins to create that protein, followed by antibodies that can fight the COVID-19 virus, should that person subsequently be infected with the disease. Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require an initial injection and a second dose delivered several weeks later. 

The Johnson & Johnson vaccine, delivered in a single injection that has shown about 66% efficacy, arrived shortly after the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. It’s what’s called a viral vector vaccine, a type that has also been used to fight HIV, the flu and viral epidemics predating COVID-19. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine was created by introducing genetic material from COVID-19 into another type of virus. The resulting combination is injected into a person’s bloodstream, where the genetic material catalyzes cells to produce a protein. This protein causes the person’s immune system to produce infection-fighting antibodies and white blood cells. AstraZeneca has a similar viral vector vaccine, though it is not approved for use in the United States as of this writing. 

Potential Vaccine Side Effects 

So, what happens to a human body after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine? That depends on a number of factors. An individual’s age, overall health, allergies, gender and other factors can influence what side effects the COVID-19 vaccine might have on their body. Some reports suggest that women suffer side effects at a much higher rate than men, but this is generally true for all vaccines. Overall, the occurrence of side effects indicates that the vaccine is working. 

Systemic Side Effects 

After vaccination, people may experience these systemic effects: 

• Headaches 
• Muscle aches 
• Fatigue 
• Nausea 
• Chills  
• Fever 

Local Side Effects 

Vaccinated people may also experience the following symptoms at the injection site, which is typically the upper arm: 

• Soreness 
• Redness 
• Inflammation 
• Rash (aka “COVID arm”) 

There have been reports of a few deaths occurring after vaccinations for COVID-19, though according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), “A review of available clinical information including death certificates, autopsy and medical records revealed no evidence that vaccination contributed to patient deaths.” 

Gain a Deeper Understanding of How the Body Works and Reacts to Disease and Drugs 

While a cough and fever are among the most common COVID-19 symptoms, the disease can progress into pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that makes respiration difficult and diminishes the oxygen supply to the body’s organs. ARDS may ultimately compromise the respiratory, renal and cardiovascular systems of a COVID-19-infected person.  

The University of Florida’s acclaimed College of Medicine offers programs that focus on how these vital systems work under normal conditions and how they respond to diseases and drugs. Our programs are offered entirely online, enabling you to finish class assignments and tests at your own pace, virtually anywhere.  

Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 

In our online master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology program, you’ll gain a broader scientific understanding of the major systems of the human body and how they’re affected by various drugs. This program also helps you prepare for the National Board, MCAT and other exams that can help you advance to the next level of a medical career. Once you’ve finished your master’s degree, you will have earned a respected graduate-level credential that can position you for more advanced roles within the medical profession. 

If you’ve completed either our Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology or Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology (see more details below), you’ve already completed half of your master’s degree. Our 30-credit master’s degree program allows you to transfer up to 15 credits from your graduate certificate program. And that’s just one of the many benefits of UF’s master’s degree in medical physiology and pharmacology. You can also: 

• Graduate in as little as one year. 
• Study on your own schedule. 
• Gain the clinical knowledge you’ll need to thrive in medical school. 
• Skip the GRE. 
• Take advantage of multiple financial aid options, should you need them. 
• Earn a career-transforming education credential. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  

One of our two career-boosting graduate certificate options, the Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology explores the essentials of medical physiology and examines the individual human body systems. This is a 9- to 14-credit program that enables you to take up to six courses. However, you only need to complete 9 credits to earn your certificate, which means you can finish in as little as one semester. 

Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 

The second of our medical physiology graduate certificates is the 12-credit Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology. This program provides advanced instruction in cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that can prove invaluable in a clinical setting. 

Discover how the body works and reacts to various treatments in an entirely online University of Florida medical physiology program. 

Sources:
https://www.biospace.com/article/a-timeline-of-covid-19-vaccine-development/
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/how-they-work.html#:~:text=Once%20vaccinated%2C%20our%20bodies%20recognize,one%20that%20causes%20COVID%2D19
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/expect/after.html
https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-019-0552-5  

Our organs keep us alive, individually and in combination with other organs. There are about 78 organs in the human body, and each performs one or more vital functions. But do we really need all of those, or are there organs we can live without? 

 As it turns out, we don’t exactly need all of our organs in order to survive. Let’s look at a few “unnecessary” organs, their purpose and why you can live without them. 

Appendix 

What It Does
The appendix is somewhat of a mystery organ, as doctors and scientists aren’t 100% sure of its purpose. One common theory is that this little appendage to the large intestine is where the body stores good bacteria. It may also assist our immune system.  

Why You May Need It Removed
When a person develops appendicitis, it means the appendix has become infected. In most cases, doctors will recommend surgical removal of the appendix, known as an appendectomy. 

Why You Can Live Without One
After an appendectomy, patients typically go on to live with no measurable change in their quality of life. 

Gallbladder  

What It Does
Located in the upper abdomen, the gallbladder acts as a storage bag for bile, which the liver creates to help us digest fatty foods. 

Why You May Need It Removed
The gallbladder can sometimes develop gallstones, a painful condition that’s usually treated by removal of the organ. 

Why You Can Live Without One
While many doctors recommend a low-fat diet for patients who’ve had their gallbladder removed, this typically only needs to be temporary. Most people experience no complications from life without a gallbladder. 

Kidney  

What It Does
The kidneys perform a variety of important functions, such as filtering waste and excess water out of our blood, producing hormones and regulating the balance of sodium and other chemicals in our bodies. 

Why You May Need It Removed
Conditions including cancer and injury may necessitate the removal of a kidney.

Why You Can Live Without One
As vital as kidneys are, most people have two of them and can continue to live a normal life if they have to give one up. In fact, some people have donated one of their kidneys to help a patient with unhealthy kidneys, and both parties have gone on to live healthy lives. 

Lung   

What It Does
Lungs take in oxygen, which moves into the bloodstream, and take carbon dioxide back out of the bloodstream. This waste gas is then expelled (exhaled) out of the body. In short, they’re what we breathe with. 

Why You May Need It Removed
Pneumonectomy, or removal of a lung, is performed when cancer or injury has damaged the lung beyond repair.  

Why You Can Live Without One
As with kidneys, we have two lungs and can live without one of them when necessary. A person with one lung has to adjust their lifestyle somewhat, exerting themselves less due to their decreased intake of oxygen. 

Spleen  

What It Does
The spleen stores and filters blood, destroying damaged or old red blood cells but saving healthy elements for the body to use again.

Why You May Need It Removed
A swollen, ruptured or torn spleen will often be removed with a procedure called a splenectomy. 

Why You Can Live Without One
In the absence of a spleen, the lymph nodes and liver will typically adapt to undertake the spleen’s functions. 

 Tonsils  

What They Do
Part of the immune system, the tonsils fight viruses and bacteria that come into the body through the mouth. This can also make them more susceptible to becoming infected or swollen. 

Why You May Need Them Removed
When someone develops tonsillitis, it means their tonsils are inflamed. Unlike other conditions we’ve discussed, this is a contagious condition. A tonsillectomy, or removal of the tonsils — they come in and are removed in pairs — may be necessary when the inflamed tonsils can’t be treated any other way. 

Why You Can Live Without Them
Tonsils are less likely to be removed than they once were, with many doctors preferring alternate treatments. Some studies show an increased risk of respiratory disease in patients who’ve had them removed during childhood. But people do live without tonsils and many even experience some benefits in terms of sleep apnea reduction.  

Risks of Removal 

While people can live without the aforementioned organs and others, removal surgery, like any surgery, poses risks for complications and side effects. These can range from minor to severe and life threatening, depending on the organ and complication. Our original organs are best left alone, provided they’re healthy and functioning properly. However, when they’re not, it’s reassuring to know we may not need some of them. 

Online Programs Dedicated to Human Organ Systems 

The University of Florida’s renowned College of Medicine offers entirely online programs focused on human body systems and the organs that comprise them. All of these programs enable you to complete coursework anywhere, 24/7, at your own pace. Having a family or career doesn’t mean having to forego earning a career-boosting education credential!

Some of our programs include:  

• Master of Science in Medical Sciences with a concentration in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology 
• Prepare for medical school and related exams (National Board, MCAT) as you explore how drugs and other factors affect the body’s systems. If you’ve taken either of the certificate programs below, you’ve already met 15 credits of this program’s 30-credit requirement! No GRE is required for admission, and you may be able to graduate in as little as one year. 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology  
• Learn the essentials of medical physiology and the individual human body systems. You can finish this 9- to 14-credit program in as little as one semester. 
• Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology with a specialization in Cardiovascular/Renal Physiology 
• Gain an advanced understanding of cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathophysiology research that will benefit you in clinical settings. You may be able to complete this program in as little as two semesters. 

Browse all of our programs to find the one that best aligns with your future career in healthcare, education or public health. You can also contact us here. We’re happy to help guide you toward the right program for your goals.

Sources:
https://www.livescience.com/how-many-organs-in-human-body.html