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Physiology
8 months ago

How Hormonal Changes Affect Emotions, Mood & Mental Health in Women 

Ever feel completely off? Maybe you’re more tired, overwhelmed or emotional than usual and you’re not sure why. Your hormones might be to blame.   We often think of hormones in terms of fertility, but they also play a crucial role in mental health. Recent research shows that hormonal changes can affect your mood, motivation and cognitive function.  For women, these hormonal shifts are especially significant. As women go through life stages like puberty, pregnancy and menopause, their hormone levels shift in unique ways. This can lead to emotional and cognitive changes that are often misunderstood or misdiagnosed.   Let’s look at how hormones affect the brain and why understanding them is so important.  What Do Hormones Actually Do?  Hormones are chemical messengers that carry instructions through the bloodstream

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Physiology
8 months ago

Broken Heart Syndrome: Dying From Heartache

“Somehow, heartbreak feels good in a place like this.”  —Nicole Kidman  When looking for love, heartbreak is always a risk, but you might not realize that a broken heart can be more than an emotional wound.   Most people, after feeling like their heart’s been torn out and put into a blender, manage to piece themselves back together in time. But for some, moving on feels impossible. And for fewer still, the pain becomes a crushing weight that builds until their heartbeat slows, breathing fades and eyes close, never to open again.   This brings us to broken heart syndrome, a medical condition as fascinating as it is deadly. If you’re worried about your own health, stop here and talk to a medical professional. But if you’re drawn to strange and unsettling conditions from the world of medicine, read on.  What Is Broken Heart Syndrome? Broken heart syndrome seems like something out of a Shakespearean tragedy

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Physiology
9 months ago

Immunophysiology: How Does the Immune System Work Against Pathogens?

Have you ever found yourself in the middle of cold and flu season, doing everything you can to dodge germs? Or perhaps during summer, you’re wondering if those extra sneezes are seasonal allergies or something more serious. No matter the time of year, understanding how your body defends itself against illness can feel like unlocking the secret to better health.  So, how does the immune system work against illnesses? Specifically, how does it defend against pathogens: the culprits behind illnesses like the flu and the common cold? In this article, we’ll dive into the fascinating field of immunophysiology to explore how the immune system detects, responds to and remembers these harmful invaders.  How Does Your Immune System Work?  The immune system works like a well-honed army, protecting your body against harmful pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. This intricate system incorporates specialized cells, proteins and organs that work together to detect and eliminate invaders, while also maintaining a memory of past infections for future protection.  Below, we shine a microscope on the key components of the immune system and their roles:  AntibodiesThese proteins in the blood play a vital role in detecting pathogens. As they circulate, antibodies bind to specific molecules called antigens found on the surface of pathogens. This binding neutralizes the pathogens and marks them for destruction by other immune cells.  Lymphatic systemComposed of lymph nodes, lymph vessels and lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), the lymphatic system acts as a transportation network that circulates lymph, a clear fluid containing immune cells, through the body

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Anatomy
9 months ago

3 Recent Discoveries in Anatomy

Scientists and educators have worked tirelessly for centuries to discover and interpret all of the secrets of human anatomy. We know, for instance, that the body contains 206 bones and approximately 60,000 miles of veins, arteries and capillaries.   Yet, thanks to rapid advancements in medical research and technology, new discoveries continue to reveal intricate details about our anatomy, and many breakthroughs are unfolding right before our eyes. Here are examples of recent findings:  #1 Protective Barrier in the Brain Scientists at the University of Rochester found a previously unknown compartment in the subarachnoid area of the brain, which acts as the brain’s immune defense system. The layer consists of a thin section between the skull and brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid, and has several responsibilities:  Physical protection: Acts as a cushion, protecting the brain from impact.  Nutrient and waste transport: Facilitates nutrient delivery and waste removal.  Immune surveillance: Enables immune cells to identify and respond to pathogens or abnormal cells.  Scientists are optimistic about the impact this newly discovered compartment may play in treating neurological diseases, like multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s. Both conditions involve immune dysregulation within the brain, and the hope is that this compartment may play a role in developing targeted therapies that could improve the outlook for both diseases.  #2 A New Layer of Muscle in the Jaw Try moving your lower jaw backward, toward your ears

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Careers
10 months ago

Career Paths in Healthcare: Nurse Practitioner

There are many reasons you might be interested in learning more about what it truly means to be a nurse practitioner. Perhaps you’re a practicing nurse ready to take the next step or a healthcare professional seeking a role with a stronger focus on patient care. You might even be exploring different paths in medicine to find the best fit for your skills and passions.  Whatever brings you here, pursuing a career as a nurse practitioner (NP) could be the right path forward. With advanced degrees, NPs hold prescriptive authority, specialize across a wide range of healthcare areas and — in many states — practice independently. This expanded role not only enhances patient care but also opens doors to fulfilling, well-compensated specialties.  Let’s take a closer look at what it takes to become a nurse practitioner and the rewarding career opportunities this path can offer.  Nurse Practitioners: An Introduction Before diving into the diverse specialties and benefits of being a nurse practitioner, it’s helpful to have a clear picture of what an NP is.   What Does a Nurse Practitioner Do? Also known as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), nurse practitioners provide care to a wide variety of patients

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Trends
10 months ago

The State of Biotechnology in 2025: Innovations and Trends

The biotechnology field kicked into high gear in 2024, and 2025 and the decade to follow are shaping up to be tremendously impactful. The global biotechnology market reached $1.55 trillion in 2024 and is anticipated to swell to $4.61 trillion by 2034. In 2023, the biotechnology market for North America alone was $521.02 billion, pointing to immense growth potential.  These impressive figures from the field of biotechnology — “the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health” — suggest new hope for patients and expanded employment opportunities for professionals with up-to-date training and credentials.   Read on to learn what to expect in 2025 and how you can turn the year’s innovations and trends into a rewarding career.  The State of Biotechnology in 2025 Here are some anticipated innovations and exciting developments in biotechnology for the upcoming year:  Expanded Benefits of AI in Healthcare Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is renowned for its ability to analyze massive amounts of data quickly and provide valuable insights on a variety of issues. It was one of the catalyzing factors behind the quick development of COVID-19 vaccines. Now it’s helping pharmaceutical companies quickly discover and develop beneficial new drugs while lowering associated costs, a trend expected to continue throughout 2025.  Increased Use of Regenerative Medicine and Genetic Diagnostics Regenerative medicine and genetic diagnostics are becoming important drivers of growth in global biotech

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Physiology
10 months ago

Sex-Based Differences in Medicine

Let’s clear up a common myth: men aren’t actually from Mars, and women aren’t really from Venus. While both sexes do hail from the same planet, they also have distinct anatomical and physiological differences. For example, men tend to have thicker skin on their bodies, while women often have greater muscle endurance during exercise because of their body fat percentage and muscle fiber composition.  In medicine, understanding these sex-based differences is critical. A deep knowledge of how anatomy and physiology vary between sexes can impact medical outcomes, treatment effectiveness and even how diseases progress.  The general overview presented here discusses biological sex differences as traditionally categorized in medical literature and may not apply to all individuals, including those who are intersex, transgender or non-binary. We encourage readers to consult with healthcare providers for personalized medical advice.   Male and Female Anatomical Differences While men and women are metaphorically “cut from the same cloth,” their bodies are not exact replicas

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Physiology
10 months ago

Heart Attack Symptoms in Men vs. Women

According to the Centers for Disease Control, a heart attack occurs every 40 seconds in the United States: roughly the time it takes to send a text or drink a glass of water. Surprisingly, one in five people don’t feel any symptoms, even as damage occurs.  So, how can you recognize if you’re having a heart attack? While sudden chest pain or left-arm pain is often associated with heart attacks, especially for men, symptoms can vary widely by biological sex. Many women experience different, less recognized signs. Knowing the symptoms specific to your sex can make a life-saving difference. Heart Attacks: The Basics  While heart attacks can appear sudden or out of the blue, they often occur in people with underlying heart disease: a broad term that covers various conditions impacting heart health

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Program Information
11 months ago

Which Medical Sciences Master’s Degree Program Should I Choose?

Made up of 78 organs, the human body is an incredibly complex biological system. Physiology studies help us understand how all parts of our bodies work, individually and together as interconnected systems, to keep us alive and well.  If you’re fascinated by medical physiology and want to establish or advance a career in the field, start by acquiring the appropriate credentials. Offering online medical sciences master’s degree programs in three physiology concentrations, the University of Florida is here to help you achieve your career aspirations. Each program can elevate your visibility when applying to a professional school or seeking a new position.   Let’s look at these convenient, affordable UF programs and help you discover which one might be the best choice for you.   UF Online Medical Sciences Master’s Degree Programs in Physiology Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Pharmacology Giving balanced attention to medical physiology and pharmacology, this online medical sciences master’s degree program offers an in-depth exploration of human body systems and how drugs affect them. Whether you’re pursuing career growth in medicine or delving into the field of pharmacology, this degree delivers the critical knowledge and skills you need to excel in both areas.  This UF program is ideal for:  Students preparing for the MCAT  Students working or aspiring to work in medicine, pharmacy or research  Professionals working in pharmacy, pharmacology, drug development or biotechnology  Current or future educators and teachers  Program details:  30 credits  Can be completed in as little as two semesters  No GRE required for admission  Master’s Degree in Medical Physiology and Aging This first-of its-kind online medical sciences master’s degree program brings together content from UF’s Graduate Certificate in Medical Physiology and master’s degree in innovative aging studies into a curriculum devoted to the biology of aging. Equipped with this degree, you can pursue a variety of careers dedicated to helping older adults.   This UF program is ideal for:  Students working or aspiring to work in medicine, pharmacy or research careers with an aging emphasis  Professionals working in pharmacy, pharmacology, drug development or biotechnology   Current or future educators and teachers  Program details:  30 credits  Can be completed in as little as one year  No GRE required for admission  Master’s Degree in Medical Anatomy and Physiology This medical sciences master’s degree program offers a broad range of anatomy and physiology expertise, with electives that empower you to tailor your curriculum to your professional goals and interests

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Physiology
11 months ago

How Does Exercise Affect Your Body?

It’s easy to push exercise to the bottom of your to-do list. You might catch yourself saying, “I’m too tired,” or “I’ll do it tomorrow” time and again. But have you ever stopped to think about the real benefits of incorporating regular physical activity into your life?  You’ve probably heard a lot from those around you: “You’ll sleep better,” “I lost 20 pounds,” or “You’ll feel amazing!” But what do those things truly mean? How does exercise affect your body?   The reality is that you don’t need to stick to just one type of workout to experience the benefits. From cardio to strength training, all forms of physical activity have both short- and long-term benefits. Who knows? Learning how your body responds to exercise might be just the motivation you need to say, “Today’s the day.”  Cardiovascular System  Your cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to your muscles and organs while removing waste products like carbon dioxide

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